RT Book, Section
A1 Argoff, Charles E.
A1 Smith, Howard
A2 Diwan, Sudhir
A2 Staats, Peter S.
SR Print(0)
ID 1107196150
T1 Botulinum Toxins
T2 Atlas of Pain Medicine Procedures
YR 2015
FD 2015
PB McGraw-Hill Education
PP New York, NY
SN 9780071738767
LK accessanesthesiology.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1107196150
RD 2024/04/23
AB Botulinum  toxins  are  neurotoxins  produced  by  the  gram-positive,  spore-forming,  anaerobic  bacteria,  Clostridium  botulinum,  as  well  as  C  butyricum,  C  baratii,  and  C  argentinense.1,2  These  toxins  are  the  most  deadly  human  neurotoxins  known.  Clinically,  botulism  can  occur  following  ingestion  of  contaminated  food  or  from  a  wound  infection.  The  clinical  signs  of  botulism  include  limb  paralysis,  facial  weakness,  ophthalmoplegia,  dysarthria,  dysphagia,  dyspnea  progressing  to  respiratory  arrest,  constipation  progressing  to  ileus,  and  urinary  retention.3C  botulinum  produces  7  antigenically  (immunologically)  distinct  neurotoxins:  A,  B,  C1,  D,  E,  F,  and  G.