RT Book, Section
A1 Mathew, Joseph P.
A1 Swaminathan, Madhav
A1 Ayoub, Chakib M.
SR Print(0)
ID 6922062
T1 Appendix E. Measurements and Calculations
T2 Clinical Manual and Review of Transesophageal Echocardiography, 2e
YR 2010
FD 2010
PB The McGraw-Hill Companies
PP New York, NY
SN 978-0-07-163476-2
LK accessanesthesiology.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=6922062
RD 2024/04/19
AB Fractional  shortening  (%)  =Velocity  of  circumferential  fiber  shortening  (circ/sec)  =fractional  shortening  ×  ejection  timeFractional  area  change  (%)  =Ejection  fraction  (%)  =Volume  by  Simpson's  method  of  disks  where  the  LV  is  modeled  as  a  series  of  stacked  cylindrical  disks  capped  by  an  elliptical  disk  apexVolumecylindrical  disks  =  (π  ×  D1/2)  ×  D2/2)  ×  Hwhere  D1  and  D2  are  orthogonal  diameters  of  the  cylinder,  and  H  is  the  height  of  the  cylinderandVolumeelliptical  disk  =  Ah/2  +  a2/b2  ×  π  ×  h3/6where  A  is  the  area  of  the  ellipsoid  segment,  h  is  the  height  of  the  ellipsoid  segment,  and  a  and  b  are  radii  of  the  total  ellipsoid.Volume  by  the  area-length  method  where  the  LV  is  modeled  as  acylinder–hemi-ellipsoidVolume  =  (5  ×  area  ×  major-axis  length)/6where  the  area  is  planimetered  by  using  a  short-axis  view  at  the  level  of  the  mitral  valveVolume  by  the  diameter-length  method  where  the  LV  is  modeled  as  a  prolate-ellipsoidVolume  =  (π  ×  D1  ×  D2  ×  major-axis  length)/6where  D1  and  D2  are  orthogonal  short-axis  diametersStroke  volume  (ml)  =(end-diastolic  volume  –  end-systolic  volume)Cardiac  output  (liters/min)  =  (stroke  volume  ×  heart  rate)Cardiac  index  (liters/min/m2)  =Meriodinal  wall  stresswhere  P  represents  LV  peak  pressure,  Ac  is  LV  cavity  area,  and  Am  represents  LV  myocardial  area  (area  of  the  muscle  in  the  short-axis  view)Circumferential  wall  stresswhere  L  represents  the  LV  long-axis  lengthStrain  (%)  =where  length0  is  the  initial  lengthStrain  rate  (s–1)  =LV  mass  (g)  =(1.04  ×  [(LVID  +  PWT  +  IVST)3  –  LVID3])  ×  0.8  +  0.6dP/dt  (mm  Hg/s)  =32  ×  1000/dtwhere  dt  (in  msec)  is  the  time  for  velocity  to  rise  from  1  m/s  to  3  m/s  on  a  continuous  wave  Doppler  tracing  of  mitral  regurgitationMyocardial  performance  index  =