RT Book, Section A1 Powers, Alvin C. A1 D’Alessio, David A2 Brunton, Laurence L. A2 Knollmann, Björn C. SR Print(0) ID 1193237554 T1 Endocrine Pancreas and Pharmacotherapy of Diabetes Mellitus and Hypoglycemia T2 Goodman & Gilman's: The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 14th Edition YR 2023 FD 2023 PB McGraw-Hill Education PP New York, NY SN 9781264258079 LK accessanesthesiology.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1193237554 RD 2024/03/29 AB Diabetes mellitus is a heterogeneous spectrum of metabolic disorders, likely arising from disparate genetic and environmental factors, with a common outcome of impaired glucose homeostasis and hyperglycemia. The pathogenesis, for most persons, involves some combination of insufficient insulin secretion, reduced responsiveness to endogenous or exogenous insulin, increased glucose production, and abnormalities in fat and protein metabolism. The resulting hyperglycemia may lead to both acute symptoms and metabolic abnormalities. A major source of the morbidity of diabetes is chronic end-organ damage that arises from prolonged hyperglycemia and includes retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy, and cardiovascular disease. These chronic complications can be mitigated in many patients by sustained control of the blood glucose and treatment of comorbidities such as hypertension and dyslipidemia (Nathan and DCCT/EDIC Research Group, 2013). A wide variety of treatment options for hyperglycemia that target different processes involved in glucose regulation or dysregulation are available (ADA, 2022c).