RT Book, Section A1 Butterworth IV, John F. A1 Mackey, David C. A1 Wasnick, John D. SR Print(0) ID 1190611805 T1 Common Clinical Concerns in Critical Care Medicine T2 Morgan & Mikhail’s Clinical Anesthesiology, 7e YR 2022 FD 2022 PB McGraw-Hill Education PP New York, NY SN 9781260473797 LK accessanesthesiology.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1190611805 RD 2024/03/29 AB KEY CONCEPTS Pulmonary edema usually results from either an increase in the net hydrostatic pressure across the capillaries (hemodynamic or cardiogenic pulmonary edema) or an increase in the permeability of the alveolar–capillary membrane (increased permeability edema or noncardiogenic pulmonary edema). Reduced tidal volumes are associated with the greatest improvement in outcome after acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) of any intervention subjected to a randomized clinical trial to date. Early elective tracheal intubation is advisable when there are obvious signs of heat injury to the airway. Patients with hoarseness and stridor require immediate tracheal intubation or a surgical airway. The criteria developed by the Acute Kidney Injury Network are now most often used to stage acute kidney injury (AKI). AKI is diagnosed by documenting an increase in serum creatinine of more than 50%, or an absolute increase of 0.3 mg/dL, and a reduction in urine output to less than 0.5 mL/kg/h for 6 h or longer, with all findings developing over 48 h or less.Septic shock is defined as acute circulatory failure in a patient with sepsis or, more specifically, systolic blood pressure less than 90 mm Hg that is not responsive to volume resuscitation and requiring vasopressors for life support. Critically ill patients frequently have abnormal host defenses from advanced age, malnutrition, drug therapy, loss of integrity of mucosal and skin barriers, and underlying diseases. Thus, age greater than 70 years, corticosteroid therapy, chemotherapy of malignancy, prolonged use of invasive devices, respiratory failure, kidney failure, head trauma, and burns are established risk factors for nosocomial infections. Systemic pooling of blood and transudation of fluid into tissues result in relative hypovolemia in patients with sepsis.