RT Book, Section A1 Butterworth IV, John F. A1 Mackey, David C. A1 Wasnick, John D. SR Print(0) ID 1190602955 T1 The Practice of Anesthesiology T2 Morgan & Mikhail’s Clinical Anesthesiology, 7e YR 2022 FD 2022 PB McGraw-Hill Education PP New York, NY SN 9781260473797 LK accessanesthesiology.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1190602955 RD 2024/10/11 AB KEY CONCEPTS In 1846, Oliver Wendell Holmes was the first to propose the use of the term anesthesia to denote the state that incorporates amnesia, analgesia, and narcosis to make painless surgery possible. Ether was used for frivolous purposes (“ether frolics”), but it was not used as an anesthetic agent in humans until 1842 when Crawford W. Long and William E. Clark independently used it on patients. On October 16, 1846, William T.G. Morton conducted the first publicized demonstration of general anesthesia for surgical operation using ether. The original application of modern local anesthesia is credited to Carl Koller, at the time a house officer in ophthalmology, who demonstrated topical anesthesia of the eye with cocaine in 1884. Curare greatly facilitated tracheal intubation and muscle relaxation during surgery. For the first time, operations could be performed on patients without the requirement that relatively deep levels of inhaled general anesthetic be used to produce muscle relaxation. John Snow, often considered the father of the anesthesia specialty, was the first to scientifically investigate ether and the physiology of general anesthesia. The “captain of the ship” doctrine, which held the surgeon responsible for every aspect of the patient’s perioperative care (including anesthesia), is no longer a valid notion when an anesthesiologist is present.