RT Book, Section
A1 Eschenhagen, Thomas
A2 Brunton, Laurence L.
A2 Knollmann, Björn C.
SR Print(0)
ID 1193233011
T1 Therapy of Heart Failure
T2 Goodman & Gilman's: The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 14th Edition
YR 2023
FD 2023
PB McGraw-Hill Education
PP New York, NY
SN 9781264258079
LK accessanesthesiology.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1193233011
RD 2024/04/20
AB Heart  failure  is  responsible  for  more  than  half  a  million  deaths  annually  in  the  U.S.  Its  prevalence  is  stable  in  developed  countries  but  increasing  worldwide,  mainly  due  to  an  adoption  of  western  lifestyle  and  an  aging  population.  Median  survival  rates  after  the  first  hospitalization  associated  with  heart  failure  are  worse  than  in  most  cancers  but  have  improved  over  the  past  30  years  (1.3  to  2.3  years  in  men  and  1.3  to  1.7  years  in  women)  (Jhund  et  al.,  2009).  This  positive  survival  trend  was  associated  with  a  2-  to  3-fold  higher  prescription  rate  of  angiotensin-converting  enzyme  (ACE)  inhibitors  (ACEIs)  and  angiotensin  receptor  blockers  (ARBs),  β  receptor  antagonists  (β  blockers),  and  mineralocorticoid  receptor  antagonists  (MRAs),  suggesting  that  improved  drug  therapy  has  contributed  to  enhanced  survival  of  patients  with  heart  failure.  However,  a  more  complex  picture  evolved  over  the  past  decade  with  an  increasing  incidence  in  people  younger  than  55  years  of  age,  a  decrease  in  heart  failure  with  reduced  ejection  fraction  (HFrEF);  and  an  increase  in  heart  failure  with  preserved  ejection  fraction  (HFpEF;  Chan  et  al.,  2021;  Tsao  et  al.,  2018).