TY - CHAP M1 - Book, Section TI - Postoperative Pain Relief: Alternative Techniques A1 - Adimi, Nima A1 - Battu, Rohini A1 - Lee, Neil A2 - Freeman, Brian S. A2 - Berger, Jeffrey S. PY - 2014 T2 - Anesthesiology Core Review: Part One Basic Exam AB - Epidural or intrathecal injection of local anesthetic with or without opioid can control postoperative pain. Lumbar epidural placement can be used for postoperative pain control following major abdominal, pelvic, or lower extremity surgeries. Epidural medication can also be introduced via a catheter through the sacrococcygeal membrane using a caudal technique for groin, pelvic, or lower extremity surgeries. Thoracic epidurals can be used to control pain after thoracic surgery, upper and lower abdominal surgery, and after multiple rib fractures. Useful landmarks to help approximate the puncture site are the C7 spinous process, the scapular spine (T3), and the inferior border of the scapula (T7). SN - PB - McGraw-Hill Education CY - New York, NY Y2 - 2024/03/28 UR - accessanesthesiology.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1102568504 ER -