TY - CHAP M1 - Book, Section TI - Chapter 31. Mechanical Ventilation in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease A1 - Laghi, Franco A2 - Tobin, Martin J. PY - 2013 T2 - Principles and Practice of Mechanical Ventilation, 3e AB - Acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is defined as an increase in dyspnea, cough, or sputum production that requires therapy. The annual rate of exacerbations is 0.5 to 3.5 per patient.1 Hospitalization rates range from 0.1 to 2.4 per patient per year.1 Most exacerbations are caused by viral infections, such as Rhinovirus or influenza species or bacterial infections, such as Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis, or Pseudomonas species.2 Occasionally, exacerbations are caused by air pollution and other environmental factors.2 When evaluating a patient suspected of having an exacerbation, concurrent conditions such as pulmonary emboli, pneumothorax, and congestive heart failure should be clinically excluded.2 In about one-third of cases, no underlying etiology is identified.3 SN - PB - The McGraw-Hill Companies CY - New York, NY Y2 - 2024/03/28 UR - accessanesthesiology.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=57070907 ER -