TY  - CHAP
M1  - Book, Section
TI  - Appendix E. Measurements and Calculations
A1  - Mathew, Joseph P.
A1  - Swaminathan, Madhav
A1  - Ayoub, Chakib M.
PY  - 2010
T2  - Clinical Manual and Review of Transesophageal Echocardiography, 2e
AB  - Fractional  shortening  (%)  =Velocity  of  circumferential  fiber  shortening  (circ/sec)  =fractional  shortening  ×  ejection  timeFractional  area  change  (%)  =Ejection  fraction  (%)  =Volume  by  Simpson's  method  of  disks  where  the  LV  is  modeled  as  a  series  of  stacked  cylindrical  disks  capped  by  an  elliptical  disk  apexVolumecylindrical  disks  =  (π  ×  D1/2)  ×  D2/2)  ×  Hwhere  D1  and  D2  are  orthogonal  diameters  of  the  cylinder,  and  H  is  the  height  of  the  cylinderandVolumeelliptical  disk  =  Ah/2  +  a2/b2  ×  π  ×  h3/6where  A  is  the  area  of  the  ellipsoid  segment,  h  is  the  height  of  the  ellipsoid  segment,  and  a  and  b  are  radii  of  the  total  ellipsoid.Volume  by  the  area-length  method  where  the  LV  is  modeled  as  acylinder–hemi-ellipsoidVolume  =  (5  ×  area  ×  major-axis  length)/6where  the  area  is  planimetered  by  using  a  short-axis  view  at  the  level  of  the  mitral  valveVolume  by  the  diameter-length  method  where  the  LV  is  modeled  as  a  prolate-ellipsoidVolume  =  (π  ×  D1  ×  D2  ×  major-axis  length)/6where  D1  and  D2  are  orthogonal  short-axis  diametersStroke  volume  (ml)  =(end-diastolic  volume  –  end-systolic  volume)Cardiac  output  (liters/min)  =  (stroke  volume  ×  heart  rate)Cardiac  index  (liters/min/m2)  =Meriodinal  wall  stresswhere  P  represents  LV  peak  pressure,  Ac  is  LV  cavity  area,  and  Am  represents  LV  myocardial  area  (area  of  the  muscle  in  the  short-axis  view)Circumferential  wall  stresswhere  L  represents  the  LV  long-axis  lengthStrain  (%)  =where  length0  is  the  initial  lengthStrain  rate  (s–1)  =LV  mass  (g)  =(1.04  ×  [(LVID  +  PWT  +  IVST)3  –  LVID3])  ×  0.8  +  0.6dP/dt  (mm  Hg/s)  =32  ×  1000/dtwhere  dt  (in  msec)  is  the  time  for  velocity  to  rise  from  1  m/s  to  3  m/s  on  a  continuous  wave  Doppler  tracing  of  mitral  regurgitationMyocardial  performance  index  =  
SN  - 
PB  - The McGraw-Hill Companies
CY  - New York, NY
Y2  - 2024/04/16
UR  - accessanesthesiology.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=6922062
ER  -