TY  - CHAP
M1  - Book, Section
TI  - Common Clinical Concerns in Critical Care Medicine
A1  - Butterworth IV, John F.
A1  - Mackey, David C.
A1  - Wasnick, John D.
PY  - 2022
T2  - Morgan & Mikhail’s Clinical Anesthesiology, 7e
AB  - KEY  CONCEPTS  Pulmonary  edema  usually  results  from  either  an  increase  in  the  net  hydrostatic  pressure  across  the  capillaries  (hemodynamic  or  cardiogenic  pulmonary  edema)  or  an  increase  in  the  permeability  of  the  alveolar–capillary  membrane  (increased  permeability  edema  or  noncardiogenic  pulmonary  edema).  Reduced  tidal  volumes  are  associated  with  the  greatest  improvement  in  outcome  after  acute  respiratory  distress  syndrome  (ARDS)  of  any  intervention  subjected  to  a  randomized  clinical  trial  to  date.  Early  elective  tracheal  intubation  is  advisable  when  there  are  obvious  signs  of  heat  injury  to  the  airway.  Patients  with  hoarseness  and  stridor  require  immediate  tracheal  intubation  or  a  surgical  airway.  The  criteria  developed  by  the  Acute  Kidney  Injury  Network  are  now  most  often  used  to  stage  acute  kidney  injury  (AKI).  AKI  is  diagnosed  by  documenting  an  increase  in  serum  creatinine  of  more  than  50%,  or  an  absolute  increase  of  0.3  mg/dL,  and  a  reduction  in  urine  output  to  less  than  0.5  mL/kg/h  for  6  h  or  longer,  with  all  findings  developing  over  48  h  or  less.Septic  shock  is  defined  as  acute  circulatory  failure  in  a  patient  with  sepsis  or,  more  specifically,  systolic  blood  pressure  less  than  90  mm  Hg  that  is  not  responsive  to  volume  resuscitation  and  requiring  vasopressors  for  life  support.  Critically  ill  patients  frequently  have  abnormal  host  defenses  from  advanced  age,  malnutrition,  drug  therapy,  loss  of  integrity  of  mucosal  and  skin  barriers,  and  underlying  diseases.  Thus,  age  greater  than  70  years,  corticosteroid  therapy,  chemotherapy  of  malignancy,  prolonged  use  of  invasive  devices,  respiratory  failure,  kidney  failure,  head  trauma,  and  burns  are  established  risk  factors  for  nosocomial  infections.  Systemic  pooling  of  blood  and  transudation  of  fluid  into  tissues  result  in  relative  hypovolemia  in  patients  with  sepsis.  
SN  - 
PB  - McGraw-Hill Education
CY  - New York, NY
Y2  - 2024/04/18
UR  - accessanesthesiology.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1190611805
ER  -