TY - CHAP M1 - Book, Section TI - Summarizing Data & Presenting Data in Tables & Graphs A1 - White, Susan E. PY - 2020 T2 - Basic & Clinical Biostatistics, 5e AB - KEY CONCEPTSAll observations of subjects in a study are evaluated on a scale of measurement that determines how the observations should be summarized, displayed, and analyzed.Nominal scales are used to categorize discrete characteristics.Ordinal scales categorize characteristics that have an inherent order.Numerical scales measure the amount or quantity of something.Means measure the middle of the distribution of a numerical characteristic.Medians measure the middle of the distribution of an ordinal characteristic or a numerical characteristic that is skewed.The standard deviation is a measure of the spread of observations around the mean and is used in many statistical procedures.The coefficient of variation is a measure of relative spread that permits the comparison of observations measured on different scales.Percentiles are useful to compare an individual observation with a norm.Stem-and-leaf plots are a combination of frequency tables and histograms that are useful in exploring the distribution of a set of observations.Frequency tables show the number of observations having a specific characteristic.Histograms, box plots, and frequency polygons display distributions of numerical observations.Proportions and percentages are used to summarize nominal and ordinal data.Rates describe the number of events that occur in a given period.Prevalence and incidence are two important measures of morbidity.Rates must be adjusted when populations being compared differ in an important confounding factor.The relationship between two numerical characteristics is described by the correlation.The relationship between two nominal characteristics is described by the risk ratio, odds ratio, and event rates.Number needed to treat is a useful indication of the effectiveness of a given therapy or procedure.Scatterplots illustrate the relationship between two numerical characteristics.Poorly designed graphs and tables mislead in the information they provide. SN - PB - McGraw-Hill Education CY - New York, NY Y2 - 2024/11/09 UR - accessanesthesiology.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1176051677 ER -