TY  - CHAP
M1  - Book, Section
TI  - Regional Anesthesia for Cardiac and Thoracic Anesthesia
A1  - Kessler, Paul
A2  - Hadzic, Admir
Y1  - 2017
N1  - 
T2  - Hadzic's Textbook of Regional Anesthesia and Acute Pain Management, 2e
AB  - General  anesthesia  is  the  most  commonly  used  anesthetic  technique  for  cardiac  surgery,  both  for  valvular  procedures  and  for  coronary  artery  bypass  grafting  (CABG)  performed  either  on  pump  or  off  pump.  However,  there  are  several  reports  from  the  1970s  and  1980s  describing  improved  postoperative  analgesia  through  the  intrathecal  and  epidural  application  of  opiates  in  cardiac  surgery.1,2  Faster  extubation  of  patients  is  another  benefit  of  the  neuroaxial  application  of  opiates.3  Local  anesthetics  are  also  routinely  applied  as  they  suppress  the  stress  hormone  response  in  addition  to  having  analgesic  properties,  resulting  in  improved  outcomes.4  
SN  - 
PB  - McGraw-Hill Education
CY  - New York, NY
Y2  - 2024/04/20
UR  - accessanesthesiology.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1141737049
ER  -