TY - CHAP M1 - Book, Section TI - Pediatric Critical Care Medicine A1 - Efune, Proshad Nemati A1 - Nichols, Blake A2 - Ellinas, Herodotos A2 - Matthes, Kai A2 - Alrayashi, Walid A2 - Bilge, Aykut PY - 2021 T2 - Clinical Pediatric Anesthesiology AB - FOCUS POINTSNoninvasive positive pressure ventilation and high-flow nasal cannula are two important management strategies for respiratory failure of diverse etiologies in children.Non-conventional modes of mechanical ventilation and respiratory adjuncts are commonly employed, and frequently serve as rescue therapies in children with severe respiratory failure.Acute respiratory distress syndrome is a heterogeneous disease with high-mortality risk when associated with multi-organ failure.Insufficient oxygen delivery to meet the tissue metabolic demands defines shock.Nutrition support and attention to electrolyte and glucose derangements are important in the care of the critically ill child.Acute kidney injury is common in critically ill children and often requires treatment by renal replacement therapy.Sepsis, commonly encountered in critically ill children, requires early recognition and early source control for successful treatment.Patients with traumatic brain injury often suffer from secondary brain injury, which significantly increases morbidity and mortality. Treatment should focus on reducing secondary injury by maintaining an appropriate cerebral perfusion pressure.Critical illness comes with the cost of highly complex care, and as such, hospital-acquired conditions are frequent and lead to an increased morbidity and mortality. Every physician caring for a critically ill child is responsible for helping to prevent these conditions. SN - PB - McGraw Hill CY - New York, NY Y2 - 2024/10/04 UR - accessanesthesiology.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1176460049 ER -