TY - CHAP M1 - Book, Section TI - Monitoring, Breathing Systems, and Machines A1 - Alex, Gijo A1 - Chandran, Neethu A2 - Ellinas, Herodotos A2 - Matthes, Kai A2 - Alrayashi, Walid A2 - Bilge, Aykut PY - 2021 T2 - Clinical Pediatric Anesthesiology AB - FOCUS POINTSSerious adverse events are more common in the pediatric population, so proper understanding and implementation of monitoring tools are essential to prevent adverse outcomes.The American Society of Anesthesiology recommends that during all anesthetics the patient’s oxygenation, ventilation, circulation, and temperature should be continually evaluated.Due to the minimal dead space and resistance, Mapleson E and F are the circuit of choice for neonates and pediatric patients.Pediatric breathing systems have the same components as standard adult circuits, but are modified to decrease resistance to breathing and minimize dead space. These modifications include short and narrow tubing, valves that require reduced pressure to open and close, smaller reservoir bag, shorter Y connection, and more compact carbon dioxide absorbers.The primary resistance in a pediatric circuit is determined by the internal diameter of the endotracheal tube and by the length of the tube.1 The unidirectional valves and carbon dioxide absorber also increase breathing resistance. SN - PB - McGraw Hill CY - New York, NY Y2 - 2024/03/29 UR - accessanesthesiology.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1176456760 ER -