TY  - CHAP
M1  - Book, Section
TI  - Intercostal Nerve Block
A1  - Ho, Anthony M.-H.
A1  - Buck, Robbert
A1  - Latmore, Malikah
A1  - Levine, Matthew
A1  - Karmakar, Manoj K.
A2  - Hadzic, Admir
PY  - 2017
T2  - Hadzic's Textbook of Regional Anesthesia and Acute Pain Management, 2e
AB  - The  intercostal  nerves  (ICNs)  innervate  the  major  parts  of  the  skin  and  musculature  of  the  chest  and  abdominal  wall.  The  block  of  these  nerves  was  first  described  by  Braun  in  1907  in  the  textbook  Die  Lokalanastesie.1  In  the  1940s,  clinicians  noticed  that  intercostal  nerve  blocks  (ICNBs)  can  reduce  pulmonary  complications  and  in  opioid  requirements  after  upper  abdominal  surgery.1  In  1981,  continuous  ICNB  was  introduced  to  overcome  the  problems  associated  with  repeated  multiple  injections.1  Today,  ICNB  is  used  in  a  variety  of  acute  and  chronic  pain  conditions  affecting  the  thorax  and  upper  abdomen,  including  breast  and  chest  wall  surgery.  Introduction  of  ultrasound  guidance  to  the  practice  of  regional  anesthesia  further  facilitates  its  practice.  The  disadvantages  of  intercostal  block,  however,  include  the  requirement  for  technical  expertise,  risks  of  pneumothorax,  and  local  anesthetic  toxicity  with  multiple  levels  of  blockade.  
SN  - 
PB  - McGraw-Hill Education
CY  - New York, NY
Y2  - 2024/04/19
UR  - accessanesthesiology.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1141739510
ER  -