TY - CHAP M1 - Book, Section TI - Neuromodulation for Pain A1 - Elliott, Jennifer A. A1 - Simopoulos, Thomas T. A2 - Bajwa, Zahid H. A2 - Wootton, R. Joshua A2 - Warfield, Carol A. PY - 2016 T2 - Principles and Practice of Pain Medicine, 3e AB - Neurostimulation techniques have been used in the management of pain for close to 50 years. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) represents one of the most widely utilized external neuromodulation devices. Over the past several decades, more complex forms of neurostimulation devices and techniques have been developed and implemented in pain management practice for permanent human implantation. These include peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS), peripheral nerve field stimulation (PNFS), spinal cord stimulation (SCS), and intracranial stimulation (ICS). More patients suffering from intractable pain elect to undergo neurostimulation device implantation after failure of conservative management techniques for pain control. The advantages from a patient's perspective include an essentially side-effect free device under direct patient control that can be dynamically self-adjusted to his or her level of pain and activity. SN - PB - McGraw-Hill Education CY - New York, NY Y2 - 2024/03/28 UR - accessanesthesiology.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1131938668 ER -