The acronyms emphasize only the most frequent
malformations and a wide variety of other defects, affecting most parts of the
body, may be associated, including head (prominent epicanthus, flat nasal
bridge, choanal atresia, micrognathia, low-set malformed ears), thorax
(spondylocostal dysplasia, hypoplastic lungs, laryngeal stenosis, ventricular
septal defects, patent ductus arteriosus, tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of the
great arteries), gastrointestinal tract (absent rectum and anus, duodenal
atresia), urogenital system (urethral atresia, renal agenesis,
hydronephrocolpos, hydronephrosis, hypospadias), and skeleton (polydactyly
and proximally placed thumbs, humeral hypoplasia, radial aplasia, vertebral
dysgenesis, spondylocostal dysplasia, scoliosis, and hemivertebrae).