The acronym emphasizes only the most frequent
malformations; a wide variety of other defects, affecting most parts of the
body, may be associated including head (prominent epicanthus, flat nasal bridge,
choanal atresia, micrognathia, low-set malformed ears), thorax (spondylocostal
dysplasia, hypoplastic lungs, laryngeal stenosis), heart (ventricular septal
defects, patent ductus arteriosus, tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of the
great arteries), gastrointestinal tract (anal atresia [controversial], esophageal and duodenal
atresia); urogenital tract (urethral atresia, renal agenesis, hydronephrocolpos,
hydronephrosis, hypospadias), skeleton (polydactyly and proximally placed thumbs,
humeral hypoplasia, radial aplasia, vertebral dysgenesis, spondylocostal
dysplasia, scoliosis, and hemivertebrae), and CNS (hydrocephalus, aqueductal
stenosis, encephalocele, meningocele, papilledema, and agenesis of corpus
callosum). Prognosis is generally poor.