Sections View Full Chapter Figures Tables Videos Annotate Full Chapter Figures Tables Videos Supplementary Content + At a Glance Download Section PDF Listen ++ A rare form of gynecomastia with hypogonadism. Similar to the Reifenstein syndrome but without hypospadias. + Synonym Download Section PDF Listen ++ Familial Gynecomastia. + History Download Section PDF Listen ++ First described by S. Rosewater in 1965. + Genetic Inheritance Download Section PDF Listen ++ X-linked or autosomal dominant. + Pathophysiology Download Section PDF Listen ++ Unclear; resistance to androgen action suggested. Masculinization by monthly administration of testosterone has been demonstrated. + Diagnosis Download Section PDF Listen ++ Clinical features (gynecomastia with hypogonadism); biochemical (increased levels of testosterone and estrogen, but with low levels of luteinizing hormones); histology (decreased Leydig cells on testicular biopsy). + Clinical Aspects Download Section PDF Listen ++ Gynecomastia, hypogonadism, sterility. + Anesthetic Considerations Download Section PDF Listen ++ Endocrine dysfunction appears to be limited to the reproductive system. Psychological attention must be given to patients affected with this conditions because of the embarrassment caused by the gynecomastia. + Other Condition to Be Considered Download Section PDF Listen ++ Reifenstein Syndrome: Characterized by male pseudohermaphroditism, which means that the individual has testes but presents clinically with the secondary sexual characters both male and female. The severity of androgen insensitivity determines the clinical presentation. + References Download Section PDF Listen ++Rosewater S, Gwinup G, Hamwi SJ: Familial gynaecomastia. Ann Intern Med 63:377, 1965. [PubMed: 14327504]