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A 35-year-old pregnant woman, at approximately 36 weeks gestation, is admitted to the emergency department (ED) following a motor vehicle crash. She has a closed head injury, bilateral femoral fractures, and possible abdominal trauma. Her Glasgow coma score (GCS) is 5; she does not open her eyes (1); there is no audible vocalization (2); and she is showing decorticate rigidity (3). Her heart rate is 135 beats per minute (bpm), blood pressure 85/40 mm Hg, and respiratory rate is 40 breaths per minute and shallow. Fetal heart rate (FHR) is 110 bpm. The oxygen saturation (SaO2) is 90% on a non-rebreathing oxygen mask. A cervical collar is in place and Thomas splints are being applied to the legs.
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52.2.1 What Are the Immediate Evaluation and Management Priorities in This Patient?
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Initial evaluation and management priorities for the near-term parturient are no different than any trauma victim—assessment of airway, breathing, and circulation (ABCs), followed by a secondary survey, including assessment of the abdomen and fetus.
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Unique considerations related to the pregnancy, such as supine hypotensive syndrome and the significant capillary engorgement of the nasal and oropharyngeal mucosa, may impact positioning, hemodynamics, and airway management.1
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Immediate attention is directed toward the airway. Her GCS and oxygen saturations mandate endotracheal intubation and ventilation. She is not a crash airway, and therefore an evaluation for difficulty is performed employing the MOANS, LEMON, RODS, and SHORT mnemonics (see Sections 1.6.1, 1.6.2, 1.6.3, and 1.6.4). In this particular patient, difficulty should be anticipated and an approach as suggested in the Difficult Airway Algorithm (see Chapter 2) adopted, recognizing that parturients at term have a substantially elevated risk of aspiration, particularly in this circumstance where protective airway reflexes are compromised.
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Following airway management, attention is directed to an assessment of breathing. Her lung fields must be evaluated for presence, equality, and quality of breath sounds. This evaluation, coupled with a stat portable chest x-ray, may uncover a pneumothorax and/or hemothorax that could require treatment.
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In pregnancy, minute ventilation is normally increased by approximately 45%, largely through an increase in tidal volume. This increased minute ventilation results in a fall in PaCO2 to approximately 30 mm Hg. Therefore, one should initially moderately hyperventilate this patient empirically. Ventilation may be guided by arterial blood gases, once resuscitation has been established.
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During pregnancy, an increase in gastric acid production results not only in an increased volume but a decrease in the pH. Coupled with a decrease in the competency of the lower esophageal sphincter, a greatly enhanced risk of reflux is present. The most effective protection against aspiration in this situation is the presence of a cuffed endotracheal tube in the trachea.
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The final step of the primary survey is directed to the evaluation and management of the circulation. This patient is hypotensive. Positioning ...