Sections View Full Chapter Figures Tables Videos Annotate Full Chapter Figures Tables Videos Supplementary Content + Appendix F: Normal Doppler Echocardiographic Values for Prosthetic Aortic Valves Download Section PDF Listen ++ | PrintValveSizePeak Gradient (mm Hg)Mean Gradient (mm Hg)Effective Orifice Area (cm2)ATS1947.0 ± 12.625.3 ± 8.01.1 ± 0.3Bileaflet2123.7 ± 6.815.9 ± 5.01.4 ± 0.52314.4 ± 4.91.7 ± 0.52511.3 ± 3.72.1 ± 0.7278.4 ± 3.72.5 ± 0.1298.0 ± 3.03.1 ± 0.8ATS AP1821.0 ± 1.81.2 ± 0.3Bileaflet2021.4 ± 4.211.1 ± 3.51.3 ± 0.32218.7 ± 8.310.5 ± 4.51.7 ± 0.42415.1 ± 5.67.5 ± 3.12.0 ± 0.6266.0 ± 2.02.1 ± 0.4Baxter Perimount1932.5 ± 8.519.5 ± 5.51.3 ± 0.2Stented bovine pericardial2124.9 ± 7.713.8 ± 4.01.3 ± 0.32319.9 ± 7.411.5 ± 3.91.6 ± 0.32516.5 ± 7.810.7 ± 3.81.6 ± 0.42712.8 ± 5.44.8 ± 2.22.0 ± 0.4Biocor2330.0 ± 10.720 ± 6.61.3 ± 0.3Stented porcine2523.0 ± 7.916 ± 5.11.7 ± 0.42722.0 ± 6.515.0 ± 3.72.2 ± 0.4Extended Biocor19-2117.5 ± 6.59.6 ± 3.61.4 ± 0.4Stentless2314.7 ± 7.37.7 ± 3.81.7 ± 0.42514.0 ± 4.37.4 ± 2.51.8 ± 0.4Bioflo1937.2 ± 8.826.4 ± 5.50.7 ± 0.1Stented bovine pericardial2128.7 ± 6.218.7 ± 5.51.1 ± 0.1Bjork-Shiley2138.9 ± 11.921.8 ± 3.41.1 ± 0.3Single tilting disc2328.8 ± 11.215.7 ± 5.31.3 ± 0.32523.7 ± 8.213.0 ± 5.01.5 ± 0.42710.0 ± 2.01.6 ± 0.3Carbomedics Reduced1943.4 ± 1.224.4 ± 1.21.2 ± 0.1BileafletCarbomedics Standard1938.0 ± 12.818.9 ± 8.31.0 ± 0.3Bileaflet2126.8 ± 10.112.9 ± 5.41.5 ± 0.42322.5 ± 7.411.0 ± 4.61.4 ± 0.32519.6 ± 7.89.1 ± 3.51.8 ± 0.42717.5 ± 7.17.9 ± 3.22.2 ± 0.2299.1 ± 4.75.6 ± 3.03.2 ± 1.6Carbomedics Tophat2130.2 ± 10.914.9 ± 5.41.2 ± 0.3Bileaflet2324.2 ± 7.612.5 ± 4.41.4 ± 0.4259.5 ± 2.91.6 ± 0.32Carpentier Edwards1932.1 ± 3.424.2 ± 8.61.2 ± 0.3Pericardial2125.7 ± 9.920.3 ± 9.11.5 ± 0.4Stented bovine pericardial2321.7 ± 8.613.0 ± 5.31.8 ± 0.32516.5 ± 5.49.0 ± 2.3Carpentier Edwards1943.5 ± 12.725.6 ± 8.00.9 ± 0.2Standard2127.7 ± 7.617.3 ± 6.21.5 ± 0.3Stented porcine2328.9 ± 7.516.1 ± 6.21.7 ± 0.52524.0 ± 7.112.9 ± 4.61.9 ± 0.52722.1 ± 8.212.1 ± 5.52.3 ± 0.6299.9 ± 2.92.8 ± 0.5Carpentier Supra-Annular1934.1 ± 2.71.1 ± 0.1Stented porcine2128.0 ± 10.517.5 ± 3.81.4 ± 0.92325.3 ± 10.513.4 ± 4.51.6 ± 0.62524.4 ± 7.613.2 ± 4.81.8 ± 0.42716.7 ± 4.78.8 ± 2.81.9 ± 0.7Cryolife199.0 ± 2.01.5 ± 0.3Stentless216.6 ± 2.91.7 ± 0.4236.0 ± 2.32.3 ± 0.2256.1 ± 2.62.6 ± 0.2274.0 ± 2.42.8 ± 0.3Edwards Duromedics2139.0 ± 13Bileaflet2332.0 ± 8.02526.0 ± 10.02724.0 ± 10.0Edwards Mira1918.2 ± 5.31.2 ± 0.4Bileaflet2113.3 ± 4.31.6 ± 0.42314.7 ± 2.81.6 ± 0.62513.1 ± 3.81.9Hancock2118.0 ± 6.012.0 ± 2.0Stented porcine2316.0 ± 2.011.0 ± 2.02515.0 ± 3.010.0 ± 3.0Hancock II2114.8 ± 4.11.3 ± 0.4Stented porcine2334.0 ± 13.016.6 ± 8.51.3 ± 0.42522.0 ± 5.310.8 ± 2.81.6 ± 0.42916.2 ± 1.58.2 ± 1.71.6 ± 0.2Homograft17-199.7 ± 4.24.2 ± 1.8Homograft valves19-215.4 ± 0.920-217.9 ± 4.03.6 ± 2.020-227.2 ± 3.03.5 ± 1.5221.7 ± 0.35.8 ± 3.222-235.6 ± 3.12.6 ± 1.422-245.6 ± 1.724-276.2 ± 2.62.8 ± 1.1261.4 ± 0.66.8 ± 2.925-286.2 ± 2.5Intact1940.4 ± 15.424.5 ± 9.3Stented porcine2140.9 ± 15.619.6 ± 8.11.6 ± 0.42332.7 ± 9.619.0 ± 6.11.6 ± 0.42529.7 ± 15.017.7 ± 7.91.7 ± 0.32725.0 ± 7.615.0 ± 4.5Ionescu-Shiley1723.8 ± 3.40.9 ± 0.1Stented bovine pericardial1919.7 ± 5.913.3 ± 3.91.1 ± 0.12126.6 ± 9.02315.6 ± 4.4Labcor Santiago1918.6 ± 5.011.8 ± 3.31.2 ± 0.1Stented bovine pericardial2117.5 ± 6.68.2 ± 4.51.3 ± 0.12314.8 ± 5.27.8 ± 2.91.8 ± 0.22512.3 ± 3.46.8 ± 2.02.1 ± 0.3Labcor Synergy2124.3 ± 8.113.3 ± 4.21.1 ± 0.3Stented porcine2327.3 ± 13.715.3 ± 6.91.4 ± 0.42522.5 ± 11.913.2 ± 6.41.5 ± 0.42717.8 ± 7.010.6 ± 4.61.8 ± 0.5MCRI On-X1921.3 ± 10.811.8 ± 3.41.5 ± 0.2Bileaflet2116.4 ± 5.99.9 ± 3.61.7 ± 0.42315.9 ± 6.48.6 ± 3.41.9 ± 0.62516.5 ± 10.26.9 ± 4.32.4 ± 0.6Medtronic Advantage2310.4 ± 3.12.2 ± 0.3Bileaflet259.0 ± 3.72.8 ± 0.6277.6 ± 3.63.3 ± 0.7296.1 ± 3.83.9 ± 0.7Medtronic Freestyle1913.0 ± 3.9Stentless219.1 ± 5.11.4 ± 0.32311.0 ± 4.08.1 ± 4.61.7 ± 0.5255.3 ± 3.12.1 ± 0.5274.6 ± 3.12.5 ± 0.1Medtronic Hall2034.4 ± 13.117.1 ± 5.31.2 ± 0.5Single tilting disc2126.9 ± 10.514.1 ± 5.91.1 ± 0.22326.9 ± 8.913.5 ± 4.81.4 ± 0.42517.1 ± 7.09.5 ± 4.31.5 ± 0.52718.9 ± 9.78.7 ± 5.61.9 ± 0.2Medtronic Mosaic2114.2 ± 5.01.4 ± 0.4Stented porcine2323.8 ± 11.013.7 ± 4.81.5 ± 0.42522.5 ± 10.011.7 ± 5.11.8 ± 0.52710.4 ± 4.31.9 ± 0.12911.1 ± 4.32.1 ± 0.2Mitroflow1918.6 ± 5.313.1 ± 3.31.1 ± 0.2Stented bovine pericardialMonostrut Bjork-Shiley1927.4 ± 8.8Single tilting disc2127.5 ± 3.120.5 ± 6.22320.3 ± 0.717.4 ± 6.42516.1 ± 4.92711.4 ± 3.8Prima2128.8 ± 6.013.7 ± 1.91.4 ± 0.7Stentless2321.5 ± 7.511.5 ± 4.91.5 ± 0.32522.1 ± 12.511.6 ± 7.21.8 ± 0.5Omnicarbon2137.4 ± 12.820.4 ± 5.41.3 ± 0.5Single tilting disc2328.8 ± 9.117.4 ± 4.91.5 ± 0.32523.7 ± 8.113.2 ± 4.61.9 ± 0.52720.1 ± 4.212.4 ± 2.92.1 ± 0.4Omniscience2150.8 ± 2.828.2 ± 2.20.9 ± 0.1Single tilting disc2339.8 ± 8.720.1 ± 5.11.0 ± 0.1Starr Edwards2332.6 ± 12.822.0 ± 9.01.1 ± 0.2Caged ball2434.1 ± 10.322.1 ± 7.51.1 ± 0.32631.8 ± 9.019.7 ± 6.12730.8 ± 6.318.5 ± 3.72929.0 ± 9.316.3 ± 5.5Sorin Bicarbon1930.1 ± 4.516.7 ± 2.01.4 ± 0.1Bileaflet2122.0 ± 7.110.0 ± 3.31.2 ± 0.42316.8 ± 6.17.7 ± 3.31.5 ± 0.22511.2 ± 3.15.6 ± 1.62.4 ± 0.3Sorin Pericarbon1936.5 ± 9.028.9 ± 7.31.2 ± 0.5Stentless2128.0 ± 13.323.8 ± 11.11.3 ± 0.62327.5 ± 11.523.2 ± 7.61.5 ± 0.5St. Jude Medical1928.5 ± 10.717.0 ± 7.81.9 ± 0.1Haem Plus2116.3 ± 17.010.6 ± 5.11.8 ± 0.5Bileaflet2316.8 ± 7.312.1 ± 4.21.7 ± 0.5St Jude Medical Regent1920.6 ± 1211.0 ± 4.91.6 ± 0.4Bileaflet2115.6 ± 9.48.0 ± 4.82.0 ± 0.72312.8 ± 6.86.9 ± 3.52.3 ± 0.92511.7 ± 6.85.6 ± 3.22.5 ± 0.8277.9 ± 5.53.5 ± 1.73.6 ± 0.5St Jude Medical Standard1942.0 ± 10.024.5 ± 5.81.5 ± 0.1Bileaflet2125.7 ± 9.515.2 ± 5.01.4 ± 0.42321.8 ± 7.513.4 ± 5.61.6 ± 0.42518.9 ± 7.311.0 ± 5.31.9 ± 0.52713.7 ± 4.28.4 ± 3.42.5 ± 0.42913.5 ± 5.87.0 ± 1.72.8 ± 0.5St Jude Medical2122.6 ± 14.510.7 ± 7.21.3 ± 0.6Stentless2316.2 ± 9.08.2 ± 4.71.6 ± 0.62512.7 ± 8.26.3 ± 4.11.8 ± 0.52710.1 ± 5.85.0 ± 2.92.0 ± 0.3297.7 ± 4.44.1 ± 2.42.4 ± 0.6From Zoghbi WA, Chambers JB, Dumesnil JG, et al. Recommendations for evaluation of prosthetic valves with echocardiography and doppler ultrasound: a report From the American Society of Echocardiography's Guidelines and Standards Committee and the Task Force on Prosthetic Valves, developed in conjunction with the American College of Cardiology Cardiovascular Imaging Committee, Cardiac Imaging Committee of the American Heart Association, the European Association of Echocardiography, a registered branch of the European Society of Cardiology, the Japanese Society of Echocardiography and the Canadian Society of Echocardiography, endorsed by the American College of Cardiology Foundation, American Heart Association, European Association of Echocardiography, a registered branch of the European Society of Cardiology, the Japanese Society of Echocardiography, and Canadian Society of Echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2009;22:975-1014.