Sections View Full Chapter Figures Tables Videos Annotate Full Chapter Figures Tables Videos Supplementary Content ++ Fractional shortening (%) =Velocity of circumferential fiber shortening (circ/sec) =fractional shortening × ejection timeFractional area change (%) =Ejection fraction (%) =Volume by Simpson's method of disks where the LV is modeled as a series of stacked cylindrical disks capped by an elliptical disk apexVolumecylindrical disks = (π × D1/2) × D2/2) × Hwhere D1 and D2 are orthogonal diameters of the cylinder, and H is the height of the cylinderandVolumeelliptical disk = Ah/2 + a2/b2 × π × h3/6where A is the area of the ellipsoid segment, h is the height of the ellipsoid segment, and a and b are radii of the total ellipsoid.Volume by the area-length method where the LV is modeled as acylinder–hemi-ellipsoidVolume = (5 × area × major-axis length)/6where the area is planimetered by using a short-axis view at the level of the mitral valveVolume by the diameter-length method where the LV is modeled as a prolate-ellipsoidVolume = (π × D1 × D2 × major-axis length)/6where D1 and D2 are orthogonal short-axis diametersStroke volume (ml) =(end-diastolic volume – end-systolic volume)Cardiac output (liters/min) = (stroke volume × heart rate)Cardiac index (liters/min/m2) =Meriodinal wall stresswhere P represents LV peak pressure, Ac is LV cavity area, and Am represents LV myocardial area (area of the muscle in the short-axis view)Circumferential wall stresswhere L represents the LV long-axis lengthStrain (%) =where length0 is the initial lengthStrain rate (s–1) =LV mass (g) =(1.04 × [(LVID + PWT + IVST)3 – LVID3]) × 0.8 + 0.6dP/dt (mm Hg/s) =32 × 1000/dtwhere dt (in msec) is the time for velocity to rise from 1 m/s to 3 m/s on a continuous wave Doppler tracing of mitral regurgitationMyocardial performance index = ++ Fractional area change (%) =Ejection fraction (%) =using Simpson's method of disksTricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (mm) From the transgastric RV inflow view and using M-mode, the movement of the leading edge of the lateral tricuspid annulus attachment is tracked during systole, and its excursion measuredMyocardial performance index =dP/dt (mm Hg/s) =12 × 1000/dtwhere dt (in msec) is the time for velocity to rise from 1 m/s to 2 m/s on a continuous wave Doppler tracing of tricuspid regurgitation ++ Doppler shiftΔf = Difference between the transmitted frequency (ft) and received frequencyv = Velocity of red blood cellsθ = Angle between the Doppler beam and the direction of blood flowc = Speed of ultrasound in blood (1540m/sec)Stroke volume (ml) =Stroke Distance × Cross Sectional Area (CSA)whereStroke Distance = LVOT or RVOT Velocity Time ... Your Access profile is currently affiliated with '[InstitutionA]' and is in the process of switching affiliations to '[InstitutionB]'. Please click ‘Continue’ to continue the affiliation switch, otherwise click ‘Cancel’ to cancel signing in. Get Free Access Through Your Institution Learn how to see if your library subscribes to McGraw Hill Medical products. Subscribe: Institutional or Individual Sign In Username Error: Please enter User Name Password Error: Please enter Password Forgot Password? Forgot Username? Sign in via OpenAthens Sign in via Shibboleth