Appendix A. Normal Chamber Dimensions

aAll dimensions are adapted from the ASE guidelines1 and include the normal ranges for adult men and women.

bLeft atrium (LA): The LA diameter cannot be reliably measured with TEE. Multiple views are recommended to obtain the diameter.

cRight atrium (RA): The RA should be measured from its lateral border to the interatrial septum. The TEE probe should be rotated slightly towards the right from the ME4C view to obtain optimal views of the RA.

dLeft ventricle (LV): The diameter of the LV should be measured at end-diastole in the two-chamber views to avoid foreshortening.

eAortic root: Normal dimensions of the aortic root, LV outflow tract, and aortic annulus are highly variable and dependent on body size. Standardized nomograms have been published elsewhere.2 These values represent ranges in aortic root diameter measured at the level of the sinus of Valsalva in individuals above 40 years.

fPulmonary artery (PA): There are no standardized TEE views for measuring the PA diameter. These values are adapted from the transthoracic parasternal short-axis view.

gInferior vena cava (IVC): There are no standardized TEE views for measuring the IVC diameter. The IVC may be measured 1 to 2 cm from its junction from the RA by rotating the TEE probe towards the right and withdrawing slightly from the ME4C view and following the IVC into the hepatic parenchyma.