1. Bloodworth D, Calvillo O, Smith K, Grabois
M. Chronic pain syndromes: evaluation and treatment. In: Braddom
RL, ed. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2d ed. Philadelphia,
Pa: WB Saunders; 2000:913–933.
2. Frontera WR. Exercise in physical medicine and rehabilitation.
In: Grabois M, Garrison SJ, Hart ZT, et al, eds. Physical Medicine
and Rehabilitation: The Complete Approach. Malden, Mass: Blackwell
Science; 2000:487–503.
3. Pollock ML, Whilmore JH, eds. Exercise in Health and Disease:
Evaluation and Prescription for Prevention and Rehabilition. 2d
ed. Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders; 1990:202–237.
4. Walker WC. Retraining the neuromuscular system: biofeedback
and neuromuscular electrical stimulation. In: Grabois M, Garrison
SJ, Hart T, et al, eds. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation: The
Complete Approach. Malden, Mass: Blackwell Science; 2000:513–529.
5. Tollison DT, Kriegel ML. Physical exercise in the treatment
of low back pain: Part II: a practical regiment of stretching exercise.
Orthop Rev 1998;17:913–923.
6. Taylor DC, Dalton JD, Seaber AV, et al. Viscoelastic properties
of muscle: the biochemical effects of stretching.
Am J Sports Med
1990;18:300–309.
[PubMed: 2372082]
7. Halbertsma JP. Stretching exercises: effect on passive extensibility
and stiffness in short hamstrings of healthy subjects.
Arch Phys
Med Rehabil 1994;75:976–981.
[PubMed: 8085933]
8. Khalil TM, Asfour SS, Martinez LM, et al. Stretching in
the rehabilitation of low-back pain patients.
Spine 1992;17:311–317.
[PubMed: 1533060]
9. Lewit K, Simons DG. Myofascial pain: relief by post-isometric
relaxation.
Arch Phys Med Rehab 1984;65:452–456.
[PubMed: 6466075]
10. Coupland CA, Cliffe S, Bassey EJ, et al. Habitual physical
activity and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women in England.
Int J Epidemiol 1999;28:241–246.
[PubMed: 10342685]
11. DeLateur BJ. Therapeutic exercise. In: Braddom RL, ed.
Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2d ed. Philadelphia, Pa: WB
Saunders; 2000:392–412.
12. Hickson RC. Interference of strength development by simultaneously
training strength and endurance.
Eur J Appl Phys 1980;12:336–339.
[PubMed: 7453510]
13. Pollock ML, Wilmore JH, eds. Exercise in Health and Disease:
Evaluation and Prescription for Prevention and Rehabilitation. 2d
ed. Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders; 1990:91–158.
14. McCain GA. Nonmedicinal treatment in primary fibromyalgia.
Rheum Dis Clin North Am 1989;15:73–90.
[PubMed: 2644680]
15. Surbey GD, Andrew GM, Cervenko FW, et al. Effects of
naloxone
on exercise performance.
J Appl Physiol 1984;57:674–679.
[PubMed: 6092311]
16. Health screening and risk stratification. In: Franklin
BA, ed. ACSM’s Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription.
6th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins; 2000:22–32.
17. Pretest clinical evaluation. In: Franklin BA, ed. ACSM’s
Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription. 6th ed. Philadelphia,
Pa: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins; 2000:35–56.
18. Lane NE, Michel B, Bjorkengren A. The risk of osteoarthritis
with running and aging: a five-year longitudinal study.
J Rheum
1993;20:461–468.
[PubMed: 8478853]
19. Wilder RP, Brennan DK. Physiological responses to deep
water running in athletes. Sports Med 1994;16:374–380.
20. Trombley CA. Retraining basic and instrumental activities
of daily living. In: Trombley CA, ed. Occupational Therapy for Physical
Dysfunction. Baltimore, Md: Williams & Wilkins; 1989:289–318.
21. Gam AN, Johanssen F. Ultrasound therapy in musculoskeletal
disorders: a meta-analysis.
Pain 1995;63:85–91.
[PubMed: 8577494]
22. Post RE, Lee SL, Syen DB. Physical agent modalities. In:
Trombley CA, ed. Occupational Therapy for Physical Dysfunction.
Baltimore, Md: Williams & Wilkins, 1989:659–673.
23. Brennen KR. The characterization of transcutaneous stimulating
electrodes. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng BME-23 1976;4:337–340.
24. Linzer M, Long DM. Transcutaneous neural stimulation for
the relief of pain. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng BME-23 1976;4:341–345.
25. Neilzen S, Sjolund BH, Erikkson MBE. Psychiatric factors
influencing the treatment of pain with peripheral conditioning stimulation.
Pain 1982;13:365–371.
26. Mannheimer JS, Lampe GN. Factors that hinder, enhance,
and restore the effectiveness of TENS: physiologic and theoretical
considerations. In: Mannheimer JS, Lampe GN, eds. Clinical Transcutaneous
Electrical Nerve Stimulation. Philadelphia, Pa: FA Davis; 1984:63–189.
27. Mannheimer JS, Lampe GN. Differential evaluation for the
determination of TENS effectiveness in specific pain syndromes.
In: Mannheimer JS, Lampe GN, eds. Clinical Transcutaneous Electrical
Nerve Stimulation. Philadelphia, Pa: FA Davis; 1984:63–189.
28. Abelson K, Langley GB, Sheppeard H, et al. Transcutaneous
electrical nerve stimulation in rheumatoid arthritis. N Z Med J
1988;96:156–158.
29. Langley G, Sheppeard H, Johnson M, et al. The analgesic
effects of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation and placebo
in chronic pain patients.
Rheumatol Int 1984;4:119–123.
[PubMed: 6611576]
30. Fisher NM, Pendergast DR, Gresham GE, et al. Muscle rehabilitation:
its effect on muscular and functional performance of patients with
knee arthritis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1991;72:3667–3374.
31. Smith CR, Lewith GT, Machin D. Transcutaneous nerve stimulation
and osteoarthritis pain.
Physiotherapy 1983;69:266–268.
[PubMed: 6351130]
32. Godfrey CM, Jayawardena H, Quance TA. Comparison of electrical
stimulation and isometric exercise in strengthening of the quadriceps
muscle. Physiother Can 1979;31(5):1–4.
33. Gould N, Donnermeyer D, Pope M. Transcutaneous muscle stimulation
as a method to retard disuse atrophy.
Clin Orthop 1982;164:215–220.
[PubMed: 6978224]
34. Roush MB, Sevier TL, Wilson JK, et al. Anterior knee pain:
a clinical comparison of rehab models. Clin J Sport Med 2000;10;22–28.
35. Bourne MH, Hazel WA, Scoot SG, et al. Anterior knee pain.
Mayo Clin Proc 1988;63:482–491.
[PubMed: 3283473]
36. Burckhardtt CS, Mannerkorpi K, Hedenberg L, et al. A randomized,
controlled clinical trial of education and physical training for
women with fibromyalgia. J Rheum 1994;21:4:714–720.
37. McCain GA, Mai FM, Halliday PD. A controlled study of the
effects of a supervised cardiovascular fitness-training program
on the manifestations of primary fibromyalgia.
Arth Rheum 1988;31:1135–1141.
[PubMed: 3048273]
38. Nichols DS, Glenn TM. Effects of aerobic exercise on pain
perception, affect, and level of disability in individuals with
fibromyalgia.
Phys Ther 1994;74:327–332.
[PubMed: 8140145]
39. Thompson JM. The diagnosis and treatment of muscle pain
syndromes. In: Braddom RL, eds. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation.
2nd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders; 2000:943–956.
40. Han SC, Harrison P. Myofascial pain syndrome and trigger-point
management. Reg Anesth 1997;22:585–590.
41. McCain GA. Role of physical fitness in fibrositis-fibromyalgia
syndrome. Am J Med 1981;81(suppl 3A):73–77.
42. Kraus H, Fischer AA. Diagnosis and treatment of myofascial
pain.
Mt. Sinai J Med 1991;58:235–239.
[PubMed: 1875961]
43. Lehmann TR, Tussell DW, Spratt KF, et al. Efficacy of electroacupuncture
and TENS in the rehabilitation of chronic low back pain patients.
Pain 1986;26:277.
[PubMed: 2946016]
44. Sikorski JM. A rationalized approach to physiotherapy for
low back pain.
Physiotherapy 1985;10:571–579.
[PubMed: 2934830]
45. Van Poppel MN, Koes BW, van der Ploeg T, et al. Lumbar
supports and education for the prevention of low back pain in industry.
JAMA 1998;279:1789–1794.
46. Walsh NE, Schwartz RK. The influence of prophylactic orthoses
on abdominal strength and low back injury in the workplace.
Am J
Phys Med Rehabil 1990;69:245–50.
[PubMed: 2145877]
47. Ciriello VM, Snook SH. The effect of back belts on lumbar
muscle fatigue. Spine 1995;20:127–127.
48. Reyna JR, Leggett SH, Kenney K, et al. The use of lumbar
belts on isolated lumbar muscle.
Spine 1995;20:68–73.
[PubMed: 7709282]
49. Kendall PH, Jenkins JM. Exercises for backache: a double
blind controlled trial. Physiotherapy 1968;54:154.
50. Davies JE, Gibson T, Tester L. The value of exercises in
the treatment of low back pain.
Rheumatol Rehabil 1979;18:243.
[PubMed: 160072]
51. Detorri JR, Bullock SH, Sutlive TG, et al. The effects
of spinal flexion and extension and their associated postures in
patients with acute low back pain. Spine 1995;20:2103–2313.
52. Takemasa R, Yamamoto H, Tani T. Trunk muscle strength in
and effect of trunk muscle exercises for patients with chronic low
back pain.
Spine 1995;20:2522–2530.
[PubMed: 8610247]
53. Thorsteinsson G, Stonnington HH, Stillwell GK, et al. The
placebo effect of transcutaneous electrical stimulation.
Pain 1978;5:31–41.
[PubMed: 353652]
54. Marchand S, Li J, Chenard J-R, et al. Is TENS purely a
placebo effect? A controlled study on chronic low back pain.
Pain
1993;54:99–106.
[PubMed: 8378107]
55. Melzack R, Jeans ME, Monks RC.
Ice massage and transcutaneous
electrical stimulation: Comparison of treatment for low back pain.
Pain 1980;9:209–217.
[PubMed: 6450393]
56. Melzack R, Vetere P, Finch L. Transcutaneous electrical
nerve stimulation for low back pain. A comparison of TENS and massage
to pain and range of motion. Phys Ther 1983;64:489–493.
57. Deyo RA, Walsh NE, Martin DC, et al. A controlled trial
of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) and exercise
for chronic low bak pain.
N Engl J Med 1990;322:1627–1634.
[PubMed: 2140432]
58. Sinaki M. Lumbar spondylolisthesis: retrospective comparison
and three year follow up of two conservative treatment programs.
Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1989;70:594–598.
[PubMed: 2527488]
59. Vroomen PC, De Krom MC, Wilmink JT, et al. Lack of effectiveness
of bed rest for sciatica.
N Engl J Med 1999;340:418–423.
[PubMed: 9971865]
60. Saal JA, Saal JS. Nonoperative treatment of herniated lumbar
intra-vertebral disc with radiculopathy: an outcome study. Spine
1989;14:130–137.
61. Saal JA. Dynamic muscular stabilization in the nonoperative
treatment of lumbar pain syndromes.
Orth Rev 1990;19:691–700.
[PubMed: 2145545]
62. McKenzie RA. The Lumbar Spine: Mechanical Diagnosis and
Therapy. Waikanae, New Zealand: Spinal Publications; 1981.
63. Donelson RG. The McKenzie approach to evaluating and treating
low-back pain. Orthop Rev 19:681–686.
64. Saal JA. The new back school prescription: stabilization
training part II.
Occup Med: State of the Art Rev 1992;7(1):33–41.
[PubMed: 1531892]
65. Timm KE. A randomized-control study of active and passive
treatments for chronic low back pain following L5 laminectomy.
JOSPT
1994;20(6):276–286.
[PubMed: 7849747]
66. Kitteringham C. The effect of straight-leg-raise exercises
after lumbar decompression surgery-a pilot study. Physiotherapy
1996;82(2):115–123.
67. Carragee EJ, Helms E, O’Sullivan GS. Are post-operative
activity restrictions necessary after posteroir lumbar discectomy?
Spine 1996;21:1893–1897.
[PubMed: 8875722]
68. Kjellby-Wendt G, Styf J. Early active training after lumbar
discectomy.
Spine 1998;23:2345–2351.
[PubMed: 9820916]
69. Bemben DA: Exercise intervention for osteoporosis in postmenopausal
women.
J Okla State Med Assoc 1999;92(2):66–70.
[PubMed: 10024784]
70. Smith EL, Reddan W. Physical activity: a modality for bone
accretion in the aged.
AJR 1976;126:1297.
[PubMed: 179416]
71. Dalsky GP, Stocke KS, Ehsani AA, et al. Weight-bearing
exercise training and lumbar done mineral content in postmenopausal
women.
Ann Intern Med 1988;108:824–828.
[PubMed: 3259410]
72. Pruitt LA. Weight training effects on bone mineral density
in early postmenopausal women.
J Bone Miner Res 1992;7:179–185.
[PubMed: 1570762]
73. Kerr D. Exercise effects on bone mass in postmenopausal
women are site-specific and load dependent.
J Bone Miner Res 1996;11:218–225.
[PubMed: 8822346]
74. Sinaki M, Mikkelson BA. Postmenopausal spinal osteoporosis:
flexion versus extension exercised.
Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1984;65:593–596.
[PubMed: 6487063]
75. Sweeney T. Neck school: cervicothoracic stabilization training.
Occup Med: State of the Art Rev 1992;7(1):43–54.
[PubMed: 1531893]
76. Schutzer SF, Gossling HR. The treatment of reflex sympathetic
dystrophy syndrome. J Bone Joint Surg 1984;66-A(4):625–629.
77. Grabois M. Chronic pain. In: Goodgold J, ed. Rehabilitation
Medicine. St. Louis, Mo: CV Mosby; 1988:663–674.
78. Fordyce WE. Behavioral Methods for Chronic Pain and Illness.
St. Louis, Mo: CV Mosby; 1976.
79. Pentland B, Donald SM. Pain in the Guillain-Barré syndrome:
a clinical review. Pain 1994;89:159–164.
80. Ropper IH, Shahani BT. Pain in Guillain-Barré syndrome.
Arch Neurol 1984;41:511–514.
[PubMed: 6721720]
81. Oliver D. Terminal care. In: Williams
AC, ed.
Motor Neuron
Disease. London, England: Chapman and Hill; 1994:281–293.