1. Bernard C. Influence du grand sympathique
sur la sensibilit et sur la calorification. CR Soc Biol (Paris)
1851;3:163–164.
2. Hess WR, Brhgger M. Das subcorticale Zentrum der affecktiven
Abwehreaktion. Helv Physiol Acta 1943;1:33–52.
3. Jänig W. Organization of the lumbar sympathetic
outflow to skeletal muscle and skin of the cat hind limb and tail.
Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 1985;102:119–213.
[PubMed: 18672475]
4. Jänig W. Vegetatives nervensystem. In: Schmidt
RF, Thews G, eds.
Physiologie des Menschen. 26th ed. Heidelberg,
Germany: Springer-Verlag; 1995:340–369.
[PubMed: 18672475]
5. Jänig W. The sympathetic nervous system in pain.
Eur J Anesthesiol 1995;12(suppl 10):53–60.
6. Selye H. The Stress of Life. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill;
1957.
7. Jänig W, Schmidt FR, eds. Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy:
Pathophysiological Mechanisms and Clinical Implications. Weinheim,
Germany: VCH Verlags Gesell Schaft; 1992.
8. Jänig W, Koltzenburg M. What is the interaction
between the sympathetic terminal and the primary afferent fiber?
In: Basbaum AI, Besson, JM, eds.
Towards a New Pharmacotherapy of
Pain. Chichester, England: Dahlen Workshop Reports, Wiley; 1991:331–352.
[PubMed: 18672475]
9. Mitchell SW. Injuries of Nerves and Their Consequences.
Philadelphia, Pa: JB Lippincott; 1872.
10. Leriche R. La Chiurgie del la Douleur. Paris, France: Masson
cie; 1939.
11. Sudeck D. gber die akute entzundliche Knochenatropie. Arch
Klin Chir 1962:147–156.
12. Livingston WK. Pain Mechanisms: A Physiological Interpretation
of Causalgia and Its Related States. New York, NY: Plenum; 1976.
13. Evans JA. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Surg Clin North
Am 1946;26:780–790.
14. Lewis T. Pain. London, England: MacMillan; 1942.
15. Walker AE, Nulsen F. Electrical stimulation of the supper
thoracic portion of the sympathetic chain in man. Arch Neurol Psychiatr
1948;59:559–560.
16. White JC, Sweet WH. Pain and the Neurosurgeon. Springfield,
Ill: Charles C Thomas; 1969.
17. Bonica JJ. Causalgia and other reflex sympathetic dystrophies.
In Bonica JJ, Lieberskiend JC, Albe-Fessard, DG, eds. Advances in
Pain Research and Therapy. Vol 3. New York, NY: Raven; 1979:141–166.
18. Casale R, Glynn CJ, Buonocore M. The role of ischemia in
the analgesia which follows Bier’s block technique.
Pain
1992;50:169–175.
[PubMed: 1408313]
19. Jadad AR, Carroll D, Glynn CJ, et al. Intravenous regional
sympathetic blockade for pain relief in reflex sympathetic dystrophy:
A systematic review and a randomized double-blind crossover study.
J Pain Symptom Manage 1995;10:1313–1320.
20. Ramamurthy S, Hoffman J, The Guanethidine Study Group.
Intravenous regional guanethidine in the treatment of reflex sympathetic
dystrophy/causalgia: A randomized double-blind study.
Anesth
Analg 1995;81:718–723.
[PubMed: 7574000]
21. Dellemijn PL, Fields HL, Allen RR, et al. The interpretation
of pain relief and sensory changes following sympathetic block.
Brain 1994;17:1475–1487.
22. Jänig W, McLachlan E. The role of modifications
in noradrenergic peripheral pathways after nerve lesions in the
generation of pain. In Fields HC, Liebeskind JC, eds.
Pharmacological Approaches
to the Treatment of Chronic Pain: New Concepts and Critical Issues,
Progress in Pain Research and Management. Vol 1. Seattle, Wash:
IASP Press; 1994:101–129.
[PubMed: 18672475]
23. Blumburg H, Jänig W. Clinical manifestations of
reflex sympathetic dystrophy and sympathetically-maintained pain.
In: Wall PD, Melzack R, eds. Textbook of Pain. 3rd ed. Edinburgh, Scotland:
Churchill Livinstone;1994:685–697.
24. Hábler HJ, Jänig W, Koltzenburg M. Activation
of unmyelinated efferents and chronically lesioned nerves by adrenalin
and excitation of sympathetic efferents in the cat.
Neurosci Lett 1987;82:35–40.
[PubMed: 11635155]
25. Jänig W, Koltzenburg M. Sympathetic reflex activity
in neuroeffector transmission change after chronic nerve lesions.
In: Bond MR, Charlton JE, Woolf CJ, eds.
Proceedings of the Sixth World
Congress on Pain, Pain Research and Clinical Management. Vol 4.
Amsterdam, Holland: Elsevier; 1991:365–371.
[PubMed: 18672475]
26. Price DD, Long S, Huitt C. Sensory testing of pathophysiological
mechanisms of pain in patients with reflex sympathetic dystrophy.
Pain 1992;49:163–173.
[PubMed: 1608643]
27. Torebjörk HE, Wahren LK, Wallin G, et al. Noradrenalin-evoked
pain in neuralgia. Pain 1995;63:11–20.
28. Roberts WJ. A hypothesis on the physiological basis for
causalgia and related pains. Pain 1986;124:297–311.
29. Torebjörk HE, Hallin RG. Microneurographic studies
of peripheral pain mechanisms in man. In: Bonica JJ, Lieberskind
JC, Alb-Fessard DG, eds. Advances in Pain Research and Therapy. Vol
3. New York, NY: Raven; 1979:121–131.
30. Campbell JN, Meyer RA, Raja SN. Is nociceptor activation
by alpha-1 adrenoceptors the culprit in sympathetically-maintained
pain? APS J 1992;1:3–11.
31. Raja SN, Treede RD, Davis KD, et al. Systemic alpha-adrenergic
blockade with
phentolamine: A diagnostic test for sympathetically-maintained
pain.
Anesthesiology 1991;74:691–698.
[PubMed: 1848966]
32. Wasner G, Heckmann K, Maier C, et al. Vascular abnormalities
in acute reflex sympathetic dystrophy (CRPS I)—complete
inhibition of sympathetic nerve activity with recovery.
Arch Neurol
1999;56:613–620.
[PubMed: 10328258]
33. McLachlan EM, Jänig W, Devore M, et al. Peripheral
nerve injury triggers noradrenergic sprouting within dorsal root
ganglia. Nature 1993;363:543—545.
34. Carlton SM, Lekan HA, Kim SH, et al. Behavioral manifestation
of an experimental model for peripheral neuropathy produced by spinal
nerve ligation in the primate.
Pain 1994;56:155–166.
[PubMed: 8008406]
35. Drummond PD, Skipworth S, Finch PM. Alpha-1 adrenoceptors
in normal and hyperalgesic skin.
Clin Sci 1996;91:73–77.
[PubMed: 8774263]
36. Wall PD. Inflammatory and neurogenic pain: New molecules,
new mechanisms. Brit J Anesth 1995;75:123–124.
37. Sieweke N, Birklein F, Riedl B, et al. Patterns in hyperalgesia
in complex regional pain syndrome.
Pain 1999;80:171–177.
[PubMed: 10204729]
38. Schürmann M, Grad LG, Andress HJ, et al. Assessment
of peripheral sympathetic nervous function for diagnosing early
post-traumatic complex regional pain syndrome type I.
Pain 1999;88:149–159.
[PubMed: 18666629]
39. Schwartzman RJ, McLellan TL. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy:
A review.
Arch Neurol 1987;44:555–561.
[PubMed: 3495254]
40. Eccleston C, Crombez G, Aldrich S, et al. Attention and
somatic awareness in chronic pain.
Pain 1997;72:209–215.
[PubMed: 9272805]
41. Darbyshire SW, Jones AK, Davani P, et al. Cerebral responses
to pain in patients with atypical facial pain, measured by positron
emission tomography. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1994;57:1166–1172.
42. Rommel O, Gehling M, Dertwinkel R, et al. Hemisensory impairment
in patients with complex regional pain syndrome.
Pain 1999;80:95–101.
[PubMed: 10204721]
43. Vlaeyen JWS, Kole-Snijders AMJ, Boern RGB, et al. Fear
of movement/re-injury in chronic low back pain and its
relation to behavioral performance.
Pain 1995;62:363–372.
[PubMed: 8657437]
44. Stanton-Hicks M, Jänig W, Boas RA. Reflex Sympathetic
Dystrophy. Boston, Mass: Kluwer; 1990.
45. Jänig W, Blumburg H, Boas RA, et al. The reflex
sympathetic dystrophy syndrome: Consensus statement and general
recommendations for diagnosis and clinical research. In: Bond MR, Charlton
JE, Woolf CJ, eds.
Proceedings of the Sixth World Congress on Pain,
Pain Research and Clinical Management. Vol 4. Amsterdam, Holland:
Elsevier; 1991:372–375.
[PubMed: 18672475]
46. Stanton-Hicks M, Jänig W, Hassenbusch S, et al.
Reflex sympathetic dystrophy: Changing concepts and taxonomy.
Pain
1995;63:127–133.
[PubMed: 8577483]
47. Merskey H, Bogduk N, eds. Classification of Chronic Pain:
Descriptions of Chronic Pain Syndromes and Definitions of Pain Terms.
2nd ed. Seattle, Wash: IASP Press; 1994.
48. Richards RL. Causalgia: A centennial review.
Arch Neurol
1967;16:339–350.
[PubMed: 5336504]
49. Bonica JJ. Causalgia and other reflex sympathetic dystrophies.
In: Bonica JJ, Lieberskiend JC, Albe-Fessard, DG, eds. Advances
in Pain Research and Therapy. Vol 3. New York, NY: Raven; 1979:141–166.
50. Bonica JJ. The Management of Pain. Philadelphia, Pa: Lea
& Febiger; 1953.
51. Mailis A, Wade J. Profile of Caucasian women with possible
genetic predisposition to reflex sympathetic dystrophy: A pilot
study.
Clin J Pain 1994;10:210–217.
[PubMed: 7833579]
52. Devor M, Raber P. Heritability of symptoms in an experimental
model of neuropathic pain.
Pain 1990;42:51–67.
[PubMed: 2234999]
53. Bhatia KP, Bhatt MH, Masden CD. The causalgia-dystonia
syndrome.
Brain 1993;116:843–851.
[PubMed: 8353711]
54. Low PA, Caskey PE, Tuck RR, et al. Quantitative sudomotor
axon reflex test in normal and neuropathic subjects.
Ann Neurol
1983;14:573–580.
[PubMed: 6316835]
55. Knezevic W, Bajada S. Peripheral autonomic surface potential:
Quantitative technique for recording autonomic neural function in
man.
Clin Exper Neurol 1985;21:201–210.
[PubMed: 3843220]
56. Glynn C, Walsh JA, Basedow RW, et al. A model for investigating
the effect of drugs in the peripheral sympathetic nervous system
in man.
J Auton Nerv Syst 1982;5:195–205.
[PubMed: 7086070]
57. McCain GA, Scudds RA. The concept of primary fibromyalgia
(fibrositis): Clinical value, relation and significance to other
chronic musculoskeletal pain syndromes.
Pain 1988;33:273–287.
[PubMed: 3047632]
58. Browne CD, Nolan BM, Faithfull DK. Occupational repetition
strain injuries: Guideline for diagnosis and management.
Med J Aust
1984;140:329–332.
[PubMed: 6700488]
59. Frye HJH. Overuse syndrome in musicians: Prevention and
management. Lancet 1986;11:728–731.
60. Punett L, Robbins JM, Wegman DH, et al. Soft tissue disorders
in the upper limbs of female garment workers. Scan J Work Environ
Health 1985;11:417–425.
61. Lautenbacher S, Rolman GB, McCain GA. Multi-method assessment
of experimental and clinical pain in patients with fibromyalgia.
Pain 1994;59:45–53.
[PubMed: 7854801]
62. Deuschl G, Blumburg H, Lückling CH. Tremor in
reflex sympathetic dystrophy.
Arch Neurol 1991;48:1247–1258.
[PubMed: 1845027]
63. Schott G. Clinical features of algodystrophy: Is the sympathetic
nervous system involved?
Funct Neurol 1989;4:131–134.
[PubMed: 2661341]
64. Jancovic J, van der Linden C. Dystonia and tremor induced
by peripheral trauma: Predisposing factors. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiat
1988;51:1512–1519.
65. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical
Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM IV-TR. Washington, DC: American
Psychiatric Association; 2000.
66. Stanton-Hicks M, Raj PP, Racz GB. Use of regional anesthetics
for diagnosis of reflex sympathetic dystrophy and sympathetically-maintained
pain: A critical evaluation. In: Janig W, Stanton-Hicks M, eds.
Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy: A Reappraisal, Progress in Pain Research
and Management. Vol 6. Seattle, Wash: IASP Press; 1996:217–237.
67. Birklein F, Sittl R, Spitzer A, Klaus D, Neundorfer B,
Handwerker HO. Susomotor function in sympathetic reflex dystrophy.
Pain 1997;69:49–54.
[PubMed: 9060012]
68. Sandroni P, Low PA, Ferrer T, Opfer-Gehring TL, Willner
CL, Wilson PR. Complex Regional Pain Syndrome I (CRPS I): Prospective
study and laboratory evaluation
Clin J Pain 1998;14:282–289.
[PubMed: 9874005]
69. Gracely RH, Price DD, Roberts WJ, et al. Quantitative sensory
testing in patients with complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) I
and II. In: Janig W, Stanton-Hicks M, eds. Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy:
A Reappraisal, Progress in Pain Research and Management. Vol 6.
Seattle, Wash: IASP Press; 1996:151–172.
70. Kozin F, Genant HK, Bekerman C, et al. The reflex sympathetic
dystrophy syndrome, II. Roentgenographic and scintigraphic evidence
of bilaterality and of periarticular accentuation.
Am J Med 1976;60:332–338.
[PubMed: 56892]
71. Stanton-Hicks M, Baron R, Boas R, et al. Complex regional
pain syndromes: Guidelines for therapy.
Clin J Pain 1998;14:155–166.
[PubMed: 9647459]
72. Portenoy RK, Foley KM, Inturrisi CE. The nature of opioid
responsiveness and its implications for neuropathic pain: A new
hypothesis derived from studies of opioid infusions.
Pain 1990;43:273–286.
[PubMed: 1705692]
73. Macks MB, Schafer SC, Culnane M, et al.
Amitriptyline,
but not
lorazepam relieves post herpetic neuralgia.
Neurology 1988;38:1427–1432.
74. Macks MB, Kisore-Kumar R, Schafer SC, et al. Efficacy of
desipramine in painful diabetic neuropathy: A placebo-controlled
trial.
Pain 1991;45:69–73.
75. Swerdlow M. Anticonvulsants in the therapy of neuralgia
pain. Pain Clin 1986;1:9–19.
77. Mellick GA, Mellick LB.
Gabapentin in the management of
reflex sympathetic dystrophy.
J Pain Symptom Manage 1995;10:265–266.
[PubMed: 7602177]
78. Dajgard A, Petersen P, Kastrup J.
Mexiletine for treatment
of chronic painful diabetic neuropathy.
Lancet 1988;1:9–11.
79. Kastrup J, Angelo HR, Peterson P, et al. Treatment of chronic
painful diabetic neuropathy with intravenous
lidocaine infusion.
Br Med J 1985;292:173.
80. Carlson LK, Watson HK. Treatment of reflex sympathetic
dystrophy using the stress-loading program. J Hand Ther 1988;1:149–154.
81. Egle UT, Hoffman SO. Psychosomatic aspects of reflex sympathetic
dystrophy. In: Stanton-Hicks M, Janig W, Boas RA, eds. Reflex Sympathetic
Dystrophy. Boston, Mass: Kluwer; 1990:26–36.
82. Geertzen JB, DeBruyn H, DeBruyn-Kofman AT, et al. Reflex
sympathetic dystrophy: Early treatment and psychological aspects.
Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1994;75:442–446.
[PubMed: 8172505]
83. Wilder RT, Wolohan M, Vieyra MA, et al. Reflex sympathetic
dystrophy in children.
J Bone Joint Surg 1992;74:910–919.
[PubMed: 1634582]
85. Rowbotham MC, Davies PS, Galer BS. Multicenter, double-blind
vehicle controlled trial of long-term use of
lidocaine patches for
post-herpetic neuralgia. Paper presented at the 8th World Congress
on Pain, IASP; August 17–22, 1996; Vancouver, Canada.
86. Nebe J, Vanegas H, Scaible HG. 1998 Spinal application
of ?-conotoxin GIVA, an H-type calcium channel antagonist, attenuates
enhancement of dorsal spinal neuronal responses caused by intraarticular
injection of mustard oil in the rat.
Exp Brain Res 1998;120:61–69.
[PubMed: 9628404]
87. Kishore Kumar R, Schafer SC, et al. Efficacy of
desipramine
in painful diabetic neuropathy: A placebo-controlled trial.
Pain
1991;45:69–73.
88. Watson CP, Evans RJ, Reed K, et al.
Amitriptyline vs. placebo
in postherpetic neuralgia.
Neurology 1981;32;671–673.
89. Watson CP, Chipman M, Reed K, et al.
Amitriptyline in postherpetic
neuralgia: A randomized, double-blind crossover trial.
Pain 1991;48;29–36.
90. Ghostine SY, Comair YG, Turner DM.
Phenoxybenzamine in
the treatment of causalgia: Report of 40 cases.
J Neurosurg 1984;6;1263–1268.
91. Rauck RI, Eisenach JC, Jackson K, et al. Epidural
clonidine
treatment for refractory reflex sympathetic dystrophy.
Anesthesiology
1993;79;1163–1169.
92. Byas-Smith MG, Max MB, Muir J, et al. Transdermal
clonidine
compared to placebo in painful diabetic neuropathy using a 2-stage
enriched enrollment design.
Pain 1995;60;267–274.
93. Davis KD, Treede RD, Raja SM, et al. Topical application
of
clonidine relieves hyperalgesia in patients with sympathetically-maintained
pain.
Pain 1991;47:309–317.
[PubMed: 1664508]
94. Christiansen K, Jensen EN, Noer I. The reflex sympathetic
dystrophy syndrome: Response to treatment with corticosteroids.
Acta Chir Scand 1982;148;653–1985.
95. Oyen WJ, Arntz I, Claessens RM, et al. Reflex sympathetic
dystrophy of the hand: An excessive inflammatory response. Pain
1993;59:151–157.
96. Kuntz A. Autonomic Nervous System. 4th ed. Philadelphia,
Pa: Lea & Febiger; 1953.
97. Racz G, Stanton-Hicks M. Radiofrequency (RFA) sympatholysis
for CRPS.
Pain Practice 2002;2:250–256.
[PubMed: 17147739]
98. Moore DC. Anterior (paratracheal) approach for block of
the stellate ganglion. In: Regional Block: A Handbook for Use in
the Clinical Practice of Medicine and Surgery. 4th ed. Springfield, Ill:
Charles C Thomas; 1975:123–137.
99. Hatangdi DS, Boas RA. Lumbar sympathectomy: a single needle
technique.
Br J Anesth 1985;57:285–289.
[PubMed: 3978011]
100. Pernak J. Percutaneous radiofrequency thermolumbar sympathectomy.
Pain Clinic 1995;80:99–106.
101. Raj PP. Continuous epidural infusion and patient-controlled
epidural analgesia in the management of pain. In: Waldman S, Winnie
A, eds. Interventional Pain Management. Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders;
1996:333–338.
102. Raj PP, Denson DD. Prolonged analgesia technique with
local anesthetics. In: Raj PP, ed. Practical Management of Pain.
Chicago, Ill: Yearbook Medical Pub; 1986:687–700.
103. DuPen S, Williams A. Management of patients receiving
combined epidural
morphine and
bupivacaine for the treatment of
cancer pain.
J Pain Symptom Manage 1992;7:56–58.
104. Shealey CN, Mortimer JT, Hagfors NR. Dorsal column electroanalgesia.
J Neurosurg 1970;32:560–564.
105. Meyerson BA, Linderoth B, Lind G. Spinal cord stimulation
in chronic neuropathic pain.
Lakartidningen 1991;88:727–732.
[PubMed: 2002739]
106. Nashold BS Jr, Goldner L, Mullen JB, et al. Long-term
pain control by direct peripheral nerve stimulation.
J Bone Joint
Surg Am 1982;64:1–10.
[PubMed: 6976348]
107. Augusinsson L, Linderoth B, Mannheimer C. Spinal cord
stimulation in various ischemic conditions. In: Illis L, ed. Spinal
Cord Dysfunction. Vol 3. Functional Stimulation. Oxford, England:
Oxford Medical Pub; 1992.
108. Hassenbusch SJ, Stanton-Hicks M, Schoppa D, et al. Long-term
results of peripheral nerve stimulation for reflex sympathetic dystrophy.
J Neurosurg 1996;84:415–423.
[PubMed: 8609552]
109. Alo KM, Yland MJ, Redko V, et al. Lumbar and sacral nerve
root stimulation (NRS) in the treatment of chronic pain: A novel
anatomic approach and neurostimulation technique. Neuromodulation
1999;2:1;23–31.
110. Holsheimer J, Struijk JJ, Tas NR. Effects of electrogeometry
and combinational nerve fiber selectivity in spinal cord stimulation.
Med Biol Eng Comput 1995;33:676–682.
[PubMed: 8523909]
111. Linderoth B. Neurophysiological mechanism involved in
vasodilatation and ischemic pain relief by spinal cord stimulation.
In: Galley D, Illis SL, Krainick M, Sier J, Staaf M, eds. First Congress
of the International Neuromodulation Society. Bologna, Italy: Monduzzi
Editore; 1993:27–40.
112. Kember MA, Barendse GA, van Kleef M, et al. Spinal cord
stimulation in patients with chronic reflex sympathetic dystrophy.
N Engl J Med 2000;343:618–624.
113. Oakley JC, Weiner RL. Spinal cord stimulation for complex
regional pain syndrome. A prospective study in 19 patients. Neuromodulation
1999;2:47–50.
114. Burchiel KJ, Anderson VC, Wilson BJ, et al. Prognostic
factors of spinal cord stimulation for chronic back and leg pain.
Neurosurgery 1995;36:1101–1111.
[PubMed: 7643988]
115. Bruehl S, Carlson CR. Predisposing psychologic factors
in the development of reflex sympathetic dystrophy: A review of
the empirical evidence.
Clin J Pain 1992;8:287–299.
[PubMed: 1493340]
116. Haddox JD. Psychological aspects of reflex sympathetic
dystrophy. In: Stanton-Hicks M, ed. Pain and the Sympathetic Nervous
System. Boston, Mass: Kluwer; 1990:207–224.
117. Ruggeri SB, Arthreya BH, Doughty R et al. Reflex sympathetic
dystrophy in children. Clin Orthop 1988;163:225–230.
118. Wilder RT, Berde CB, Wolohan M, et al. Reflex sympathetic
dystrophy in children: Clinical characteristics in follow up of
70 patients. J Bone Surg Am 1992;74A:910–919.
119. Stanton RP, Malcolm JR, Wersdock KA, et al. Reflex sympathetic
dystrophy in children: An orthopedic perspective.
Orthopedics 1993;16:773–779.
[PubMed: 8361916]
120. Kessler RW, Saulsbury FT, Miller LT, et al. Reflex sympathetic
treatment with transcutaneous nerve stimulation. Pediatrics 1988;82:728-732.
121. Stanton-Hicks M, Burton AW, Bruehl SP, Carr DB, Harden
RN, et al. An updated interdisciplinary clinical pathway for CRPS:
report of an expert panel.
Pain Practice 2002;2:1–16.
[PubMed: 17134466]