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At a glance

Craniofacial dysmorphism with iris coloboma, agenesis of the corpus callosum, and aortic arch dilatation with aortic valve regurgitation. Patients present with moderate mental retardation.

History

Congenital disorder. First described by S. Temtamy et al in 1991.

Genetic inheritance

Autosomal recessive.

Incidence

Extremely rare, only reported in seven families with fewer than two affected patients.

Pathophysiology

Unknown. Various mutations (homozygous, missense, compound heterozygous) in the C12orf57 gene (12p13.31) have been reported in affected patients. A connective-tissue abnormality has been shown on electron microscopy with wide intercellular spaces and thickening of collagen fibers.

Diagnosis

Demonstration of clinical features of the syndrome, that is, craniofacial dysmorphism with ocular coloboma, absent corpus callosum, and aortic dilatation.

Clinical aspects

Facial features described include macrodolichocephaly, arched eyebrows, antimongoloid eye slant, beaked nose, low-set ears, lop ears, long philtrum, short upper lip, micrognathia, and hypertelorism. Coloboma of the iris (“keyhole” appearance), retina, and choroid are present, and lens dislocation may occur. Mental retardation is present and the absence of the corpus callosum can be demonstrated radiographically. Connective-tissue dysplasia is a feature of the syndrome and results in aortic dilatation and aortic regurgitation.

Precautions before anesthesia

Careful airway assessment and planning for a potentially difficult airway. Cardiovascular assessment is very important and must include an ECG, echocardiogram, and eventually a catheterization. Examine for signs of aortic regurgitation and ventricular impairment. Laboratory investigations as indicated by procedure and current drug therapy.

Anesthetic considerations

Potentially difficult airway. Mental retardation may result in behavioral problems during induction of anesthesia and premedication may be helpful. Aortic regurgitation and impaired ventricular function are the main concerns. Aim to maintain sinus rhythm, minimize myocardial depression, maintain left ventricular filling, and reduce systemic vascular resistance. Invasive monitoring should be considered. The place of regional anesthesia is controversial, especially if ventricular function is impaired.

Pharmacological implications

Ketamine is relatively contraindicated.

References

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Li  J, Shivakumar  S, Wakahiro  M,  et al: Agenesis of the corpus callosum, optic coloboma, intractable seizures, craniofacial and skeletal dysmorphisms: An autosomal recessive disorder similar to Temtamy syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 143A:1900, 2007.  [PubMed: 17632789]
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Temtamy  S, Salam  M, Aboul-Ezz  E,  et al: New autosomal recessive multiple congenital abnormalities/mental retardation syndrome with craniofacial dysmorphism absent corpus callosum, iris colobomas, and connective tissue dysplasia. Clin Dysmorphol 5:231, 1996.  [PubMed: 8818452]

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