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Cardiovascular/Hemodynamics Equation Normal Ranges Systemic systolic blood pressure (SBP) 100-140 mm Hg Systemic diastolic blood pressure (DBP) 60-90 mm Hg Pulse pressure (PP) SBP – DBP 30-50 mm Hg Mean arterial pressure (MAP) SBP + (2 × DBP)/3 70-110 mm Hg Mean pulmonary arterial pressure [PASP + (2 × DBP)]/3 10-20 mm Hg Central venous pressure (CVP) 2-6 mm Hg Pulmonary artery occlusion pressure (PAOP) 4-10 mm Hg Systemic vascular resistance (SVR) MAP – RAP/CO × 80 800-1200 dynes s/cm5 Pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) MPAP – PAWP/CO × 80 <250 dynes s/cm5 Cardiac output (CO) SV × HR/1000 4.0-8.0 L/min Cardiac index (CI) CO/BSA 2.5-4.0 L/min/m2 Stroke volume (SV) CO/HR × 1000 60-100 mL/beat Stroke index (SI) CI/HR × 1000 33-47 mL/m2/beat Left ventricular stroke work index SVI × (MAP – PAWP) × 0.0136 50-62 g m/m2/beat Right ventricular stroke work index SVI × (MPAP – RAP) × 0.0136 5-10 g m/m2/beat Oxygen delivery (DO2) CO × CaO2 × 10 950-1150 mL/min Oxygen consumption (VO2) CO × (CaO2 – CvO2) × 10 200-250 mL/min Arterial oxygen content (CaO2) 1.39 × SaO2 × (Hgb) + 0.0031 × PaO2 17-20 mL/dL Venous oxygen content (CvO2) 1.39 × SvO2 × (Hgb) + 0.0031 × PaO2 12-15 mL/dL Arterio-venous oxygen content difference (AVO2) CaO2 – CvO2 4-6 mL/dL Oxygen extraction ratio (O2ER) CaO2 – CvO2/CaO2 × 100 22%-30% Coronary artery perfusion DBP – PAWP 60-80 mm Hg ++ Table Graphic Jump Location | Download (.pdf) | Print B. Respiratory Equation Normal Ranges Arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) 80-100 mm Hg Arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) 95%-100% Arterial carbon dioxide tension (PaCO2) 35-45 mm Hg Alveolar gas equation (PAo2) Alveolar-arterial oxygen difference (A-a gradient) PAo2 – PaO2 5-25 mm Hg (at FIo2 = 0.21) <150 mm Hg (at FIo2 = 1.0) Minute ventilation Respiratory rate × tidal volume 5-6 L/min Dead space fraction (VD/VT) Paco2 – Peco2/Paco2 0.2-0.3 Respiratory system static compliance (Cst) VT/Pplat – PEEP 60 mL/cm H2O Respiratory system dynamic compliance (Cdyn) VT/PIP – PEEP 60 mL/cm H2O Pulmonary capillary oxygen content (CCo2) (Hgb × 1.39 × 1.0) + (0.0031 × PAo2) 20.7 ml O2/dL Shunt fraction (QS/QT) (Cco2 – Cao2)/(Cco2 – Cvo2) <5% Oxygen delivery (Do2) Cao2 × CO × 10 950-1150 mL/min Oxygen consumption (Vo2) Cao2 × Cvo2 × CO × 10 200-250 mL/min Carbon dioxide production (Vco2) 3-4 mL/kg/min ++ Table Graphic Jump Location | Download (.pdf) | Print C. Renal, Acid-base, Fluids, and Electrolytes Equation Normal Ranges Anion gap [Na+] – [Cl-] – [HCO-3] 9-13 mEq/L Creatinine clearance (CrCl) Cockcroft-Gault equation (for males) For females = 0.85 × Estimate for males >100 mL/min Serum osmolality (Sosm) (2 × [Na] + [BUN/2.8] + [glucose/18]) 275-295 mOsm/kg Osmolar gap Measured serum osmolality – Calculated serum osmolality 0-5 mOsm/kg Fractional excretion of sodium (FENa) (Urine sodium × Plasma Creatinine)/(Urine Creatinine × Plasma sodium) × 100% <1% prerenal >1% intrarenal Total body water (TBW) Wt (kg) × 0.6 (males) Wt (kg) × 0.5 (females) Sodium deficit TBW × (desired serum Na – Actual serum Na) Water deficit TBW × (Na/140 – 1) Henderson-Hasselbalch equation pK + log[Hco-3]/0.03 × Paco2 Metabolic acidosis Bicarbonate deficit Expected Paco2 compensation 0.5 × Wt (kg) × 24 – Hco-3 1.5 × Hco-3 + 8 + 2 Respiratory acidosis Acute Chronic ΔH+/ΔPaco2 = 0.8 ΔH+/ΔPaco2 = 0.3 Respiratory alkalosis Acute Chronic ΔH+/ΔPaco2 = 0.8 ΔH+/ΔPaco2 = 0.17 ++ Table Graphic Jump Location | Download (.pdf) | Print D. Nutrition Equation Normal Ranges Ideal body weight (males) 50 kg + 2.3 kg for each inch over 5 ft Ideal body weight (females) 45.5 kg + 2.3 kg for each inch over 5 ft Body mass index Weight (kg)/Height (cm)2 18.5-24.9 Basal energy expenditure (BEE) 66.5 + (13.75 × kg) + (5.003 × cm) – (6.775 × Age) (for males) 655.1 + (9.563 × kg) + (1.850 × cm) – (4.676 × Age) (for females) Mid-arm muscle circumference (MAC) Arm circumference (cm) – (0.314 × Tricep skinfold [mm]) Arm muscle area (mm2) (MAC [mm] – [0.314 × TSF]2)/(4 × 3.14) Caloric requirements Carbohydrate: 3.4 kcal/g Protein: 4.0 kcal/g Fat: 9.1 kcal/g Protein requirements 1.5-2 g/kg (for most critically ill patients) 1.5-2.5 g/kg (for obese and/or on hemodialysis or renal replacement therapy Nitrogen balance Nitrogen consumed – Nitrogen excreted or Protein calories (kcal/day)/25 – Urine nitrogen (g/day) – 5 (g/day) Respiratory quotient (RQ) CO2 production (mL/min)/O2 consumption (mL/min) or Vco2/Vo2 0.8 Maastricht index (MI) MI = 20.68 – (0.24 × albumin [g/L]) – 19.21 × prealbumin [g/L]) – 1.86 × lymphocytes [109/L]) – (0.04 × percentage ideal weight) Patients with MI > are considered malnourished Nutritional risk index (NRI) NRI = (15.9 × plasma albumin [g/dL]) + 41.7 × (present weight/usual weight) >100: subject is not malnourished 97.5-100: mildly malnourished 83.5 to <97.5: moderately malnourished <83.5: severely malnourished