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Restrictive pulmonary disease is characterized by reductions in lung volumes. Compared to disorders consistent with an obstructive pulmonary pattern, there is no increase in airway resistance and measures of airflow are within normal limits. Pulmonary function tests (PFTs) in patients with restrictive disease will show a reduction in total lung capacity (TLC) leading to reductions in both forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC). Because both values are reduced, the FEV1/FVC ratio remains normal (Figure 46-1). The flow-volume loop is general normal, but demonstrates reduced lung volumes (Figure 46-2). FRC is decreased. Total pulmonary compliance is also reduced. Patients with restrictive disease increase their work of breathing by taking slow, deep breaths.
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There are multiple methods for classifying restrictive pulmonary diseases. Based on the temporal history of disease, the disorder can be acute or chronic. Diseases can be further classified as intrinsic, referring to diseases of the lung parenchyma, or extrinsic, which refers to extra-pulmonary diseases. The mnemonic “PAINT” is a helpful aid for remembering the anatomic sites of diseases able to cause restrictive disease (Table 46-1).
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ACUTE INTRINSIC RESTRICTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE
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Disorders with sudden onset and pathophysiology principally affecting alveoli are classified as acute intrinsic pulmonary diseases. They include acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), infectious pneumonia, cardiogenic or noncardiogenic pulmonary edema, aspiration pneumonitis, and hemorrhage. In these disorders, increased ...