Suggested Reading

Pain Physiology

Dougherty PM, Raja SN. Neurochemistry of somatosensory and pain processing. In: Benzon HT, Raja SN, Borsook D, Molloy RE, Strichartz G, eds. Essentials of Pain Medicine and Regional Anesthesia. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Churchill-Livingstone; 2005:7–9.

Furst S. Transmitters involved in antinociception in the spinal cord—an analysis of descending and ascending pathways. Brain Res Bull. 1999;48(2):129–141(13).
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Gohil K, Bell JR, Ramachandran J, Miljanich GP. Neuroanatomical distribution of receptors for a novel voltage-sensitive calcium channel antagonist, SNX-230 (ω-conopeptide MVIIC). Brain Res. 1994; 653:258–266.
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Heavner JE, Willis ED. Pain pathways—anatomy and physiology. In: Raj PP, ed. Practical Management of Pain. 3rd ed. St. Louis, MO: Mosby; 2000:107–116.

Inturrisi CE, Jessel TM, Kelly TD. Pain and analgesia. In: Kandel ER, Schwartz JH, Jessell TM, eds. Principles of Neuroscience. 3rd ed. NewYork, NY: Elsevier; 1991.

Inturrisi CE. The role of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in pain and morphine tolerance. Minerva Anestesiol. 2005;71(7-8):401–403. [PubMed: 16012411]

Kerr LM, Filloux F, Olivera BM, Jackson H, Wamsley JK. Autoradiographic localization of calcium channels with [125I] ω-conotoxin in rat brain. Eur J Pharmacol. 1988;146:181–183.
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Li J, Simone DA, Larson AA. Windup leads to characteristics of central sensitization. Pain. 1999;79(1): 75–82.
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McMahon SB, Koltzenburg M, eds. Wall and Melzack's Textbook of Pain. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Churchill-Livingstone; 2006.

Nassar MA, Stirling LC, Forlani A et al.. Nociceptor-specific gene deletion reveals a major role for Nav1.7 (PN1) in acute and inflammatory pain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004;101(34):12706–12711.
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Petrenko AB, Yamakura T, Baba H, Shimoji K. The role of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) in pain: a review. Anesth Analg. 2003;97(4): 1108–1116.
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Rauck RL, Wallace MS, Leong MS et al.. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of intrathecal ziconotide in adults with severe chronic pain. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2006;31(5): 393–406.
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Snutch TP. Targeting chronic and neuropathic pain: the N-type calcium channel comes of age. NeuroRx. 2005;2(4):662–670.
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Tiengo MA, ed. Neuroscience: Focus on Acute and Chronic Pain. Springer-Verlag Italia; 2001. Gullo A, ed. Topics in Anesthesia and Critical Care.

Yaksh TL. Anatomy of the pain processing system. In: Waldman SD, ed. Interventional Pain Management. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: W. B. Saunders; 2001: 11–20.

Yamakage M, Namiki A. Calcium channels—basic aspects of their structure, function and gene encoding; anesthetic action on the channels—a review. Can J Anaesth. 2002;49:151–164.
CrossRef [PubMed: 11823393]

Pain Pathophysiology

Bennetto L, Patel NK, Fuller G. Trigeminal neuralgia and its management. BMJ. 2007;334(7586): 201–205.
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Body JJ. Breast cancer: bisphosphonate therapy for metastatic bone disease. Clin Cancer Res. 2006;12(20, pt 2):6258s–6263s.
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Buchser E, Durrer A, Albrecht E. Spinal cord stimulation for the management of refractory angina pectoris. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2006;31(suppl 4): S36–S42.
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Burbank KM, Stevenson JH, Czarnecki GR, Dorfman J. Chronic shoulder pain: part I. Evaluation and diagnosis. Am Fam Physician. 2008; 77(4):453–460. [PubMed: 18326164]

Calmbach WL, Hutchens M. Evaluation of patients presenting with knee pain: part II. Differential diagnosis. Am Fam Physician. 2003;68(5):917–922. [PubMed: 13678140]

Cohen SP, Raja SN. Pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of lumbar zygapophysial (facet) joint pain. Anesthesiology. 2007;106(3):591–614.
CrossRef [PubMed: 17325518]

Dworkin RH, Gnann JW Jr, Oaklander AL, Raja SN, Schmader KE, Whitley RJ. Diagnosis and assessment of pain associated with herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia. J Pain. 2008;9(1)(suppl 1):S37–S44.
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Eisendrath SJ. Psychiatric aspects of chronic pain. Neurology. 1995;45(12) (suppl 9):S26–S34.
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Evans S, Moalem-Taylor G, Tracey DJ. Pain and endometriosis. Pain. 2007;132 (suppl 1):S22–S25.
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Farquhar C. Endometriosis. BMJ. 2007;334(7587): 249–253.
CrossRef [PubMed: 17272567]

Fink E, Brenner G. Functional neuroanatomy and physiology of nociception. In: Loeser JD, ed. Bonica's Management of Pain. 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. In press.

Fink E, Oaklander AL. Diabetic neuropathy. Pain Management Rounds. 2005;2(3):1–6.

Illis LS. Central pain. BMJ. 1990;300(6735):1284–1286.
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Jänig W, Baron R. Complex regional pain syndrome: mystery explained? Lancet Neurol. 2003;2(11):687–697.
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Jung BF, Ahrendt GM, Oaklander AL, Dworkin RH. Neuropathic pain following breast cancer surgery: proposed classification and research update. Pain. 2003;104(1-2):1–13.
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Kass SM, Williams PM, Reamy BV. Pleurisy. Am Fam Physician. 2007;75(9):1357–1364. [PubMed: 17508531]

MacEvilly M, Buggy D. Back pain and pregnancy: a review. Pain. 1996;64(3):405–414.
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Martin RF, Rossi RL. The acute abdomen. An overview and algorithms. Surg Clin North Am. 1997;77(6):1227–1243.
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Meeus M, Nijs J. Central sensitization: a biopsychosocial explanation for chronic widespread pain in patients with fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome. Clin Rheumatol. 2007;26(4):465–473.
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Miele VJ, Price KO, Bloomfield S, Hogg J, Bailes JE. A review of intrathecal morphine therapy related granulomas. Eur J Pain. 2006;10(3):251–261.
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Mohammed I, Hussain A. Abrupt withdrawal from intrathecal baclofen: recognition and management of a potentially life-threatening syndrome. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2002;83(6):735–741.
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Müller W, Schneider EM, Stratz T. The classification of fibromyalgia syndrome. Rheumatol Int. 2007;27(11):1005–1010.
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Nair RJ, Lawler L, Miller MR. Chronic pancreatitis. Am Fam Physician. 2007;76(11):1679–1688. [PubMed: 18092710]

Ossipov MH, Lai J, King T, Vanderah TW, Porreca F. Underlying mechanisms of pronociceptive consequences of prolonged morphine exposure. Biopolymers. 2005;80(2-3):319–24.
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Sanchez-Del-Rio M, Reuter U, Moskowitz MA. New insights into migraine pathophysiology. Curr Opin Neurol. 2006;19(3):294–298.
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Schofferman J, Reynolds J, Herzog R, Covington E, Dreyfuss P, O'Neill C. Failed back surgery: etiology and diagnostic evaluation. Spine J. 2003;3(5): 400–403.
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Siccoli MM, Bassetti CL, Sándor PS. Facial pain: clinical differential diagnosis. Lancet Neurol. 2006;5(3):257–267.
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Suresh E. Diagnosis of early rheumatoid arthritis: what the non-specialist needs to know. J R Soc Med. 2004;97(9):421–424.
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Tallia AF, Cardone DA. Diagnostic and therapeutic injection of the ankle and foot. Am Fam Physician. 2003;68(7):1356–1362. [PubMed: 14567490]

van Tulder M, Malmivaara A, Koes B. Repetitive strain injury. Lancet. 2007;369(9575):1815–1822.
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Wang SM, Kain ZN, White PF. Acupuncture analgesia: II. Clinical considerations. Anesth Analg. 2008;106(2):611–621.
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Wilbourn AJ. Thoracic outlet syndromes. Neurol Clin. 1999;17(3):477–497.
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Wolfe F, Smythe HA, Yunus MB et al.. The American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of fibromyalgia. Report of the multicenter criteria committee. Arthritis Rheum. 1990;33(2): 160–172.
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Woolf CJ. Dissecting out mechanisms responsible for peripheral neuropathic pain: implications for diagnosis and therapy. Life Sci. 2004;74(21):2605–2610.
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Yale SH, Nagib N, Guthrie T. Approach to the vaso-occlusive crisis in adults with sickle cell disease. Am Fam Physician. 2000;61(5):1349–1356, 1363-1364. [PubMed: 10735342]

Diagnosis of Pain States

Almekinders LC, ed. Knee injuries. Soft Tissue Injuries in Sports Medicine. 1996:244–289.

Boulton AJM, Malik RA. Diabetic neuropathy. Med Clin North Am. 1998;82(4):909–929.
CrossRef [PubMed: 9706126]

Boureau F, Doubrere JF, Luu M. Study of verbal description in neuropathic pain. Pain. 1990;42:145–152.
CrossRef [PubMed: 2247313]

Brown DL, ed. Interscalene block. Atlas of Regional Anesthesia. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders; 1999: 23–29.

Canavan PK. Athletic injuries of the elbow. Rehabilitation in Sports Medicine: A Comprehensive Guide. Stamford, CT: Appleton & Lange; 1998: 229–236.

Finnerup N B, Jensen T S. Spinal cord injury pain—mechanisms and treatment. Eur J Neurol. 2004;11(2): 73–82.
CrossRef [PubMed: 14748766]

Houten JK, Errico TJ. Paraplegia after lumbosacral nerve root block report of three cases. Spine. 2002; 2(1):70–75.
CrossRef

Loeser JD, ed. Bonica's Management of Pain. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2001.

Magee DJ. Cervical spine. Orthopedic Physical Assessment. 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: W. B. Saunders; 2002: 161.

Price DD, Staud R. Neurobiology of fibromyalgia syndrome. J Rheumatol Suppl. 2005;32(suppl 75):29–37.

Raj PP, ed. Pain Medicine: A comprehensive Review. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Mosby; 2003.

Sammarco GJ, Cooper PS, eds. Foot and Ankle Manual. Philadelphia, PA: Lea and Febiger; 1998.

Somerville BW. Estrogen withdrawal migraine: duration of exposure of required and attempted prophylaxis by premenstrual estrogen administration. Neurology. 1975;25:239–244.
CrossRef [PubMed: 1167630]

Waldman SD, ed. Interventional Pain Management. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: W. B. Saunders; 2001.

Diagnosis of Pain States

Abdi S, Datta S, Trescot A et al.. Epidural steroids in the management of chronic spinal pain: a systematic review. Pain Physician. 2007;10:185–212. [PubMed: 17256030]

Arnold LM, Lu Y, Crofford LJ et al.. A double-blind, multicenter trial was conducted that compared duloxetine to placebo in the treatment of fibromyalgia patients with or without major depressive disorder. Arthritis Rheum. 2004;50: 2974–84.
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Arnold LM, Rosen A, Pritchett YL et al.. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of duloxetine in the treatment of women with fibromyalgia with or without major depressive disorder. Pain. 2005;119:5–15.
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Ballas S. Pain management of sickle cell disease. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 2005;19;785–802.
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Barrett AM, Lucero MA, Rebecca L et al.. Epidemiology, public health burden, and treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain: a review. Pain Med. 2007;8:S50–S62.
CrossRef [PubMed: 17714116]

Benzon HT, Raja SN, Borsook D, Molloy RE, Strichartz G, eds. Essentials of Pain Medicine and Regional Anesthesia. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Churchill-Livingstone; 2005.

Birch S, Jamison RN. Controlled trial of Japanese acupuncture for chronic myofascial neck pain: assessment of specific and nonspecific effects of treatment. Clin J Pain. 1998;14:248–255.
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Bogduk N. Clinical Anatomy of the Lumbar Spine and Sacrum. 4th ed. Edinburgh, UK: Churchill Livingstone; 2005.

Bogduk N. Low back pain. Clinical Anatomy of the Lumbar Spine and Sacrum. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone; 1997: 187–214.

Boswell M, Trescott A, Datta S et al.. Interventional techniques: evidence-based practice guidelines in the management of chronic spinal pain. Pain Physician. 2007;10:7–111. [PubMed: 17256025]

Boswell MV, Cole BE, eds. Weiner's Pain Management: A Practical Guide for Clinicians. 7th ed. Boca Raton, FL: Taylor and Francis Group, LLC; 2006.

Botwin KP, Castellanos R, Rao S et al.. Complications of Fluoroscopically Guided Interlaminar Cervical Epidural Injections. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2003;84:627–633.
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Brenner GJ. Neural basis of pain. In: Ballantyne J, Fishman SM, Abdi S eds. The Massachusetts General Hospital Handbook of Pain Management. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2002:7–8.

Browner BD, Jupiter JB, Levine AM, Trafton PG, eds. Skeletal Trauma: Basic Science, Management, and Reconstruction. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: W. B. Saunders; 2003.

Campbell JN, Basbaum AL, Dray A, Dubner R, Dworkin RH, Sang CN, eds. Emerging Strategies for the Treatment of Neuropathic Pain. Seattle, WA: IASP Press; 2006.

Canale ST. Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics. 10th ed. 2003: part VII, chap 25.

Goldman L, Ausiello D. Cecil's Textbook of Medicine. 22nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders (an imprint of Elsevier); 2004: part XVIII, chap 242.

Chen JT, Chen SM, Kuan TS, Chung KC, Hong CZ. Phentolamine effect on the spontaneous electrical activity of active loci in a myofascial trigger spot of rabbit skeletal muscle. Arch Phy Med Rehabil. 1998;79:790–794.
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Clark SR, Bennett RM. Supplemental dextromethorphan in the treatment of fibromyalgia. A double blind, placebo controlled study of efficacy and side-effects. Arthritis Rheum. 2000;43:333.

Couppe C, Midttun M, Hilden J, Jorgensen U, Oxholm P, Fuglsang-Frederiksen A. Spontaneous needle electromyographic activity in myofascial trigger points in the infraspinatus muscle: a blinded assessment. J Muscoskel Pain. 2001;9(3):7–16.
CrossRef

Cummings TM, White A. Needling therapies in the management of myofascial trigger point pain: a systematic review. Arch Phy Med Rehabil. 2001;82: 986–992.
CrossRef

Finnerup NB, Jensen TS. Spinal cord injury pain—mechanisms and treatment. Eur J Neurol. 2004;11: 73–82.
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Frontera WR, Silver JK. Essentials of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. Philadelphia, PA: Hanley & Belfus; 2002: part 2, sec I, chap 111.

Gam AN, Warming S, Larsen LH et al.. Treatment of myofascial trigger point with ultrasound combined with massage and exercise in a randomized controlled trial. Pain. 1998;77:73–79.
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Gerwin R. A study of 96 subjects examined both for fibromyalgia and myofascial pain. J Muscoskel Pain. 1995;3(suppl 1):121.

Goetz CG, ed. Textbook of Clinical Neurology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: W. B. Saunders; 2003.

Gur A, Karakoc M, Nas E et al.. Cytokines and depression in cases with fibromyalgia. J Rheumatol. 2002;29(2):358–361. [PubMed: 11838856]

Haldeman S, Carroll L, Cassidy J et al.. The bone and joint decade 2000-2010 task force on neck pain and its associated disorders: Executive summary. Spine. 2008;33(4S)(suppl):S5–S7.
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Hansson PT, Fields HL, Hill RG, Marchettini P, eds. Neuropathic Pain: Pathophysiology and Treatment. Seattle, WA: IASP Press; 2001.

Harris RE, Clauw DJ, Scott DJ et al.. Decreased central mu-opioid receptor availability in fibromyalgia. J Neurosci. 2007;27(37):10000–10006.
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Henriksson KG, Sorensen J. The promise of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists in fibromyalgia. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2002;28: 343–351.
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Holman AJ, Myers RR. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of pramipexole, a dopamine agonist, in patients with fibromyalgia receiving concomitant medications. Arthritis Rheum. 2005;52(8):2495–2505.
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Hong CZ. Lidocaine injection versus dry needling to myofascial trigger point. Am J Physi Medi Rehab. 1994;73:256–263.
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Hubbard DR, Berkoff GM. Myofascial trigger points show spontaneous needle EMG activity. Spine. 1993;18:1803–1807.
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Huntoon MA. Anterior spinal artery syndrome as a complication of transforaminal epidural steroid injections. Seminars in Pain Medicine. 2004;2(4):204–207.
CrossRef

International Headache Society. International classification of headache disorders. Second edition. Cephalalgia. 2004;24(suppl 1):8–160. [PubMed: 15595989]

Jankovic D, Wells C. Regional Nerve Blocks, 2nd ed, Berlin, Germany: Blackwell; 2001: 232.

Kang YK, Russell IJ, Vipraio GA et al.. Low urinary 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid in fibromyalgia syndrome: evidence in support of a serotonin-deficiency pathogenesis. Myalgia. 1998;1:14–21.

Little A, Edwards J, Feldman E. Diabetic neuropathies. Pract Neurol. 2007;7(2):82–92. [PubMed: 17430872]

Loeser JD, ed. Bonica's Management of Pain. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2001.

Manchikanti L, Manchikanti K, Cash K et al.. Age-related prevalence of facet-joint involvement in chronic neck and low back pain. Pain Physician. 2008;11(1):67–75. [PubMed: 18196171]

McMahon SB, Koltzenburg M, eds. Wall and Melzack's Textbook of Pain. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Churchill-Livingstone; 2006.

Moldofsky H. Management of sleep disorders in fibromyalgia. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2002;28:353–365.
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Moss J, Glick D. The autonomic nervous system. In: Miller RD, ed. Miller's Anesthesia. 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Churchill-Livingstone; 2005: sec II, chap 16.

Nachemson A, Jonsson E, eds. Neck and Back Pain: The Scientific Evidence of Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2000.

Porter RW. Spinal stenosis and neurogenic claudication. Spine. 1996;21(17):2046–2052.
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Raj P. Practical Management of Pain, 3rd ed. St. Louis, MO: Mosby; 2000.

Raj PP, ed. Pain Medicine: A Comprehensive Review. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Mosby; 2003.

Simons DG, Hong CZ, Simons LS. Endplate potentials are common to midfiber myofascial trigger points. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2003;81:212–222.
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Sjaastad O, Fredriksen TA, Pfaffenrath V. Cervicogenic headache: diagnostic criteria. Headache. 1998;38:442–445.
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Spitzer WO, Skovron ML, Salmi LR et al.. Scientific monograph of the Quebec Task Force on whiplash-associated disorders: redefining "whiplash" and its management. Spine. 1995;20(8S):1S–73S. [PubMed: 7604354]

Sykes N, Fallon MT, Patt RB. Clinical Pain Management: Cancer Pain. London, UK: Arnold; 2003.

Travell J. Myofascial trigger points: clinical view. In: Bonica JJ, Albe-Fessard D, eds. Advances in Pain Research and Therapy. New York, NY: Raven Press; 1976:919–926.

Waldman SD, ed. Pain Management. vol. 1. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2007.

Wall PD, Melzack R. Textbook of Pain. 4th ed. Edinburgh, UK: Churchill Livingstone; 1999.

Wallace DJ, Linker-Israeli M, Hallegua D et al.. Cytokines play an aetiopathogenetic role in fibromyalgia: a hypothesis and pilot study. Rheumatology. 2001;40:743–749.
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Wallace M, Staats P, eds. Pain Medicine & Management: Just the Facts. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2005.

Wilson PR, Stanton-Hicks M, Harden NR eds. CRPS: Current Diagnosis and Therapy. Seattle, WA: IASSP Press; 2005.

Wood PB, Schweinhardt P, Jaeger E et al.. Fibromyalgia patients show an abnormal dopamine response to pain. Eur J Neurosci. 2007;25(12):3576–3582.
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Pain Assessment

McMahon SB, Koltzenburg M, eds. Wall and Melzack's Textbook of Pain. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Churchill-Livingstone; 2006.

Raj PP. Pain Medicine: A Comprehensive Review. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Mosby; 2003.

Raj PP, ed. Practical Management of Pain. 3rd ed. St. Louis, MO: Mosby; 2000.

Pain Management Techniques

Abdi S, Datta S, Trescot AM et al.. Epidural steroids in the management of chronic spinal pain: a systematic review. Pain Physician. 2007;10(1):185–212. [PubMed: 17256030]

Ackerman WE 3rd, Ahmad M. The efficacy of lumbar epidural steroid injections in patients with lumbar disc herniations. Anesth Analg. 2007;104(5): 1217–22.
CrossRef [PubMed: 17456677]

Ahadian FM. Pulsed radiofrequency neurotomy: advances in pain medicine. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2004;8:34–40.
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Amoils SP. The Joule Thomson cryoprobe. Arch Opthalmol. 1967:78(2):201–207.
CrossRef

Ballantyne JC, Fishman SM, Abdi S. The Massachusetts General Hospital Handbook of Pain Management. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins: 2005.

Bogduk N, Macintosh J, Marsland A. Technical limitations to the efficacy of radiofrequency neurotomy for spinal pain. Neurosurgery. 1987;20(4):529–535.
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Buonocore M, Bonezzi C, Barolet G. Neurophysio-logical evidence of antidromic activation of large myelinated fibers in lower limbs during spinal cord stimulation. Spine. 2008;33(4): E90–E93.
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Buvanendran A, Lubenow TJ. Efficacy of transverse tripolar spinal cord stimulator for the relief of chronic low back pain from failed back surgery. Pain Physician. 2008;11(3):333–338. [PubMed: 18523504]

Cohen SP, Abdi S. Lateral branch blocks as a treatment for sacroiliac joint pain: a pilot study. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2003;28(2):113–119. [PubMed: 12677621]

Cohen SP, Larkin T, Abdi S, Chang A, Stojanovic M. Risk factors for failure and complications of intradiscal electrothermal therapy: a pilot study. Spine. 2003;28(11):1142–1147. [PubMed: 12782982]

Cohen SP, Larkin T, Fant GV, Oberfoell R, Stojanovic MP. Does needle insertion site affect diskography results? A retrospective analysis. Spine. 2002; 27(20):2279–2283; discussion 2283.
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Cohen SP, Larkin TM, Barna SA, Palmer WE, Hecht AC, Stojanovic MP. Lumbar discography: a comprehensive review of outcome studies, diagnostic accuracy, and principles. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2005;30(2):163–183. [PubMed: 15765459]

Cohen SP, Raja SN. Pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of lumbar zygapophysial (facet) joint pain. Anesthesiology. 2007;106(3):591–614.
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Cooper IS, Lee AS. Cryostatic congelation: a system for producing a limited, controlled region of cooling or freezing of biologic tissues. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1961;133:259–263.
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Deer T, Masone J. Selection of spinal cord stimulation candidates for the treatment of chronic pain. Pain Med. 2008;9(S1):82–92.
CrossRef

Deer TR, Raso LJ. Spinal cord stimulation for refractory angina pectoris and peripheral vascular disease. Pain Physician. 2006;9(4):347–352. [PubMed: 17066119]

Deer TR. Spinal cord stimulation for the treatment of angina and peripheral vascular disease. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2009;13(1):18–23.
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Falowski S, Celii A, Sharan A. Spinal cord stimulation: an update. Neurotherapeutics. 2008;5:86–99.
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Forward KR, Fewer HD, Stiver HG. Cerebrospinal fluid shunt infections. A review of 35 infections in 32 patients. J Neurosurg. 1983;59(3):389–394.
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Govind J, King W, Bailey B, Bogduk N. Radiofrequency neurotomy for the treatment of third occipital headache. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2003;74(1):88–93.
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Hansen HC, McKenzie-Brown AM, Cohen SP et al.. Sacroiliac joint interventions a systematic review. Pain Physician. 2007;10:165–184. [PubMed: 17256029]

Harke H, Gretenkort P, Ladlef HU et al.. Spinal cord stimulation in sympathetically maintained complex regional pain syndrome type I with severe disability. A prospective clinical study. Eur J Pain. 2005;9(4):363–373.
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Holsheimer J, Struijk JJ, Tas NR et al.. Effects of electrode geometry and combination on nerve fibre selectivity in spinal cord stimulation. Med Biol Eng Comput. 1995;33(5):676–682.
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Kapur S, Mutagi H, Southall J et al.. Long-term outcome of spinal cord stimulation in late complex regional pain syndrome. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2006;31(5)(suppl 1):46.
CrossRef

Kapural L, Mekhail N, Hayek SM, Stanton-Hicks M, Malak O Occipital nerve electrical stimulation via the midline approach and subcutaneous surgical leads for treatment of severe occipital neuralgia: a pilot study. Anesth Analg. 2005, 101(1): 171–174
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Kapural L, Narouze SN, Janicki TI et al.. Spinal cord stimulation is an effective treatment for chronic intractable visceral pelvic pain. Pain Med. 2006;7(5):440–443.
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Kapural L, Rakic M. Spinal cord stimulation for chronic visceral pain secondary to chronic non-alcoholic pancreatitis. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2008; 42(6):750–751.
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Kemler MA, de Vet HC, Barendse GA et al.. Effect of spinal cord stimulation for chronic complex regional pain syndromes type I: five-year final follow-up of patients in a randomized controlled trial. J Neurosurg. 2008;108(2):292–298.
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Klomp HM, Steyerberg EW, van Urk H et al.. Spinal cord stimulation is not cost-effective for non-surgical management of critical limb ischaemia. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2006;31(5):500–508.
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Drug abuse and Addiction

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