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More than a decade ago, the Institute of Medicine challenged medical care providers and systems to improve healthcare delivery across six essential areas: safety, effectiveness, efficiency, timeliness, equity, and patient-centeredness (Figure 1-1) in Crossing the Quality Chiasm: A New Health System for the 21st Century. Antecedent to the establishment of these goals, the same body recognized in To Err is Human: Building a Safer Health System that up to 100,000 patients in hospitals die needlessly each year from avoidable medical errors. Despite the extensive resources devoted by national and local governments, health systems, and individuals to improvements in patient safety and error reduction, disappointingly, studies demonstrate that since these seminal publications, we have not achieved enough. Medical errors continue to occur at an alarming rate; and as the definition of unacceptable hospital-based events broadens to include morbidities, such as hospital-acquired infections, pressure ulcers, and preventable delays in care, the disparity between the goals and reality of US health care is only more apparent.
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Most recently, the paradigm for healthcare improvement has shifted to not only incorporate the impact of quality improvement on the individual patient, but on the population at large. With its focus on reducing the overall costs of care, optimizing the collective health of target populations, in addition to improving the individual patient care experience, the Institute for Healthcare Improvement’s (IHI) “Triple Aim Initiative” seeks to unify strategies for patient safety and quality improvement within the context of a more integrated and collaborative care delivery model than previously witnessed (Figure 1-2). The IHI identified several principal elements to help guide achievement of these aims, including the reorganization of primary care services, an emphasis on population-based wellness goals, and the development of cost-reduction strategies. Finally, although the Triple Aim Initiative still prioritizes the six aims of improvement for the individual care experience as set forth in Crossing the Quality Chiasm, it goes further to integrate the concepts of better patient care, improved community health, and lower cost (Table 1-1).
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