RT Book, Section
A1 Johnson, Ken B.
A1 Healy, Austin
A2 Johnson, Ken B.
SR Print(0)
ID 1103963358
T1 The Clinical Pharmacology of Opioids
T2 Clinical Pharmacology for Anesthesiology
YR 2015
FD 2015
PB McGraw-Hill Education
PP New York, NY
SN 9780071736169
LK accessanesthesiology.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1103963358
RD 2024/04/19
AB The  first  reports  of  opioid  use  date  to  more  than  6000  years  ago,  when  a  gummy  substance  known  as  opium  was  extracted  from  poppy  plants  known  for  its  mind-altering  effects.  In  1805,  a  German  chemist,  Friedrich  Serturner,  identified  the  active  ingredient  in  opium.  He  named  it  morphine,  after  Morpheus,  the  Greek  God  of  dreams.  In  1853,  the  hypodermic  needle  was  introduced,  and  morphine  could  be  administered  intravenously.  Morphine  was  used  extensively  during  the  American  Civil  War,  and  thousands  of  soldiers  became  addicted  to  the  drug.  In  1874,  morphinewas  modified  by  adding  2  acetyl  groups  to  make  heroin  and  in  1898  was  marketed  as  a  cough  suppressant.  In  1924,  because  of  the  addictive  properties  of  opioids,  nonmedical  use  was  banned.  In  1930,  the  synthetic  opioid  meperidine  was  introduced  as  an  alternative  to  morphine  to  treat  pain.  During  World  War  II  another  synthetic  opioid,  methadone,  was  developed  as  an  alternative  to  morphine,  and  in  the  1960s  it  was  used  as  an  adjunct  to  treat  opioid  addicts.  In  1959,  Janssen  Pharmaceuticals  developed  another  synthetic  opioid,  fentanyl,  which  was  introduced  into  clinical  care  in  1960.  Janssen  went  on  to  develop  other  fentanyl  congeners,  including  sufentanil  (1974)  and  alfentanil  (1976).  In  1992,  Glaxo  Smith  Kline  developed  and  marketed  the  newest  of  the  fentanyl  congeners,  remifentanil.