RT Book, Section A1 Saeed, Omar A1 Tauras, James M. A2 Oropello, John M. A2 Pastores, Stephen M. A2 Kvetan, Vladimir SR Print(0) ID 1136414267 T1 Heart Failure Syndromes in the Critical Care Setting T2 Critical Care YR 1 FD 1 PB McGraw-Hill Education PP New York, NY SN 9780071820813 LK accessanesthesiology.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1136414267 RD 2024/04/19 AB KEY POINTSThe incidence of heart failure (HF) is increasing significantly due to the aging population, improved drug, and device therapies for myocardial infarction as well as heart failure.Categorizing HF patients based on volume status (“wet/dry”) and perfusion status (“cold/warm”) can guide treatment as well as risk stratify patients.Routine use of inotropic agents in HF patients without a definitive low output state and end organ failure is generally not indicated, since these medications can increase myocardial oxygen demand and can promote arrhythmias, and outcomes data from randomized trials and registry data typically demonstrate worse outcomes with inotropic therapy compared to vasodilator therapy.Pulmonary artery catheterization is typically reserved for HF patients with respiratory distress or evidence of hypoperfusion in whom intracardiac filling pressures cannot be determined from bedside assessment as well as patient who are doing poorly with empiric treatment based on clinical assessment.Mechanical circulatory support (intra-aortic balloon pump, Impella device, tandem heart, and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation) can be extremely effective therapy in select patients.