TY  - CHAP
M1  - Book, Section
TI  - Control of Breathing
A1  - Levitzky, Michael G.
A2  - Levitzky, Michael
A2  - McDonough, Kathleen
A2  - Kaye, Alan David
A2  - Hall, Stanley
PY  - 2021
T2  - Clinical Physiology in Anesthetic Practice
AB  - Breathing  is  spontaneously  initiated  in  the  central  nervous  system.  Neurons  in  the  brainstem  automatically  generate  a  cycle  of  inspiration  and  expiration.  This  spontaneously  generated  cycle  of  inspiration  and  expiration  can  be  modified,  altered,  or  even  temporarily  suppressed  by  a  number  of  mechanisms.  As  shown  in  Figure  33-1,  these  include  reflexes  arising  in  the  lungs,  the  airways,  and  the  cardiovascular  system;  information  from  receptors  in  contact  with  the  cerebrospinal  fluid;  and  commands  from  higher  centers  of  the  brain  such  as  the  hypothalamus,  the  centers  of  speech,  or  other  areas  in  the  cortex.  The  centers  that  are  responsible  for  the  generation  of  the  spontaneous  rhythmicity  of  inspiration  and  expiration  are,  therefore,  able  to  alter  their  activity  to  meet  the  increased  metabolic  demand  on  the  respiratory  system  during  exercise  or  may  even  be  temporarily  superseded  or  suppressed  during  speech  or  breath  holding.  
SN  - 
PB  - McGraw Hill
CY  - New York, NY
Y2  - 2024/04/19
UR  - accessanesthesiology.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1175535384
ER  -