TY  - CHAP
M1  - Book, Section
TI  - Botulinum Toxins
A1  - Argoff, Charles E.
A1  - Smith, Howard
A2  - Diwan, Sudhir
A2  - Staats, Peter S.
PY  - 2015
T2  - Atlas of Pain Medicine Procedures
AB  - Botulinum  toxins  are  neurotoxins  produced  by  the  gram-positive,  spore-forming,  anaerobic  bacteria,  Clostridium  botulinum,  as  well  as  C  butyricum,  C  baratii,  and  C  argentinense.1,2  These  toxins  are  the  most  deadly  human  neurotoxins  known.  Clinically,  botulism  can  occur  following  ingestion  of  contaminated  food  or  from  a  wound  infection.  The  clinical  signs  of  botulism  include  limb  paralysis,  facial  weakness,  ophthalmoplegia,  dysarthria,  dysphagia,  dyspnea  progressing  to  respiratory  arrest,  constipation  progressing  to  ileus,  and  urinary  retention.3C  botulinum  produces  7  antigenically  (immunologically)  distinct  neurotoxins:  A,  B,  C1,  D,  E,  F,  and  G.  
SN  - 
PB  - McGraw-Hill Education
CY  - New York, NY
Y2  - 2024/04/23
UR  - accessanesthesiology.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1107196150
ER  -